ENGLISH

LANGUAGE
LEARNING
STRATEGY
Styles & Strategies
By:
Dayat F.V
Akmal Rais

Abdul Ghani
Emil

PROCESS, STYLE, AND

STRATEGY
Process
Style

: The most general of the three concepts.

: Term that refers to consistent and rather enduring tendencies

of preferences within an individual

Strategies

: Specific methods of approaching a problem or task , modes of

operation for achieving a particular end, planned designs for
controlling and manipulating certain information.

LEARNING STYLES
(KEEFE 1974:4) Cognitive, affective and physcological traits that are
relatively
stable indicators of how learners perceive, interact with, and
respond to learning environtment
(SKEHAN 1991:288) A general predisposition , voluntary or not, toward
processing information in a particular way
is the steps that used by the learners to receive any information which
will
be processed in own style

LEARNING STYLES

Field Independence
Ability to perceive particular, relevant item or factor in a field of distracting
items.
FI enables to distinguish parts from a whole, to concentrate on something (like
reading a book in a noisy train station), to analyze separate variables without
the contamination of neighboring variables.

LEARNING STYLES
Ambiguity Tolerance
Cognitively willing to tolerate ideas and propositions that run counter to our
own belief system or structure of knowledge, see every preposition fit into an
acceptable place in their cognitive organization, and if it does not fit, it is rejected.

Reflectivity and Impulsivity

David Ewing(1977) refers to two styles that are closely related to the
reflective/impulsivity (R/I) dimension: systematic and inuitive styles. A person
tends to make either a quick (impulsive) guess at an answer to a problem or a
slower, more calculated (reflective) decision.

LEARNING STYLES
Visual and Auditory Styles
Visual : Prefer reading and studying charts, drawings, and other graphic
information
Auditory : Prefer listening to lectures and audiotapes

STRATEGIES
Those specific attacks that we make on a given problem.
Rubin (1975) and Stern (1975) to describe good language learners
interms of personal characteristics, styles, and strategies. Then Rubin &
Thompson (1982) later summarized fourteen such characteristics.

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Find their own way, taking charge of their learning.

Organize information about languange.
Are creative, developing a Feel for the language by experimenting with its grammar and words.
Make their own opportunities for practice in using the language inside and outside the classroom.
Learn to live with uncertainty by not getting flustered and by continuing to talk or listen without
understanding every word.
Use mnemonics and other memory strategies to recall what has been learned
Make errors work for them and not against them
Use linguistic knowledge, including knowledge of their first language, in learning a second language
Use contextuakl cues to help them in comprehension.
Learn to make intelligent guesses
Learn chunks of language as wholes and formalized routines to help them perform beyond their
competence.
Learn certain tricks that help to keep conversation going.
Learn certain production strategies to filll in gaps in their own competences
Learn differenct styles of speech and writing and learn to vary their language according to the
formality of the situation.

STRATEGIES
LEARNING STRATEGIES
Metacognitive
Term used in information-processing theory or indicate an executive function,
strategies that involve planning for learning thinking about the learning process as it is
taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning
after an activity is completed (Purpura 1997)

Cognitive
More limited to specific learning tasks and involve more direct manipulation of the
learning material itself

Socioaffective
Do with social mediating activity and interacting with others.

STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Strategies pertain to the employment of verbal or nonverbal
mechanism for the productive communication of information
Avoidance Strategies
Compensatory Strategies

STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES-BASED INSTRUCTION (SBI)

Application of both learning and communication strategies to classroom
learning. (McDonough 1999, Cohen 1998).

THE

END

THANK
S