Introductio

n to
APPLIED
MECHANIC
S
by

RAMESH CH. PANDA

APME101: APPLIED MECHANICS

L: 4 T: 0 P: 2

Course Objective:
To

make the awareness to the

students about the basic concepts
of mechanics
To understand examines the
response of bodies or systems of
bodies to external forces
To bridges the gap between
physical theory and its application
to technology.

Introduction: Concept and Definition of Engineering

Mechanics, Types of Mechanics, Application of engineering
mechanics in practical fields. Definition of Applied Mechanics.
Definition, basic quantities and derived quantities of basic
units and derived units. Different systems of units (FPS, CGS,
MKS and SI) and their conversion from one system to another
system. Concept of rigid body, scalar and vector quantities.
Laws of Forces: Definition, measurement, representation,
types of forces, effects and characteristics of a force. Different
force systems (coplanar and non-coplanar), principle of
transmissibility of forces, law of super-position. Composition
and resolution of coplanar concurrent forces, resultant force,
laws of forces-Triangle law of forces, Polygon law of forces,
Parallelogram law of forces. Free body diagrams, concept of
Lamis Theorem.

Friction: Definition and concept of friction, types of friction,

force of friction. Laws of static friction, coefficient of friction,
angle of friction, angle of repose, cone of friction. Equilibrium
of a body lying on a horizontal plane and rough inclined
plane. Calculation of least force required to maintain
equilibrium of a body on a rough inclined plane subjected to a
force: a) Acting along the inclined plane horizontally b) At
some angle with the inclined plane.
Moment: Concept of moment, Varignons theorem. Principle
of moments - application of moments to simple mechanisms,
parallel forces-like and unlike parallel forces, calculation of
their resultant, concept of couple, properties and effect,
general cases of coplanar force system, general conditions of
equilibrium of bodies under coplanar forces.

Center of Gravity: Concept of gravity, gravitational force,

centroid and centre of gravity. Centroid for regular lamina and
centre of gravity for regular solids. Position of centre of gravity
of compound bodies and centroid of composite area. CG of
bodies with portions removed.
Moment of Inertia: Concept of moment of inertia and second
moment of area and radius of gyration, theorems of parallel
and perpendicular axis, second moment of area of common
geometrical sections: rectangle, triangle, circle. Second
moment of area for L, T and I sections, section modulus.
Simple Machine: Concept of machine, mechanical
advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a machine, their
relationship, law of machine, simple machines (lever, wheel
and axle, pulleys, jack winch crab inclined plane, worm and
worm wheel only) ideal machine and effect of friction in
machines.

Science ?

sciencemay be defined as the

growth
of ideas through observation and
experimentation

Applied Science?

 The

branch of science, which co

ordinates the research work, for
practical utility and services of the
mankind, is known as Applied
Science.

Engineering?

 Engineering

is the application of
mathematics, empirical evidence
and scientific, economic, social, and
practical knowledge in order to
invent, innovate, design, build,
maintain, research, and improve
structures,
machines,
tools,
systems, components, materials,
processes and organizations.

Mechanics?

The branch of applied physics

dealing with motion and forces
producing motion.
OR
Mechanics is the science which
describes and predicts the
conditions of rest or motion of
bodies under the action of forces

mechanics
Mechanics

is an area of science
concerned with the behavior of
physical bodies when subjected to
forces or displacements, and the
subsequent effects of the bodies
on their environment.

Applied
mechanics ?

 Applied

mechanics is a branch of
the physical sciences and the
practical application of mechanics.
Applied mechanics describes the
response of bodies (solids and
fluids) or systems of bodies to
external forces.

STATICS
It

is that branch of Engineering

Mechanics, which deals with the
forces and their effects, while
acting upon the bodies at rest.

DYNAMICS
It

is that branch of Engineering

Mechanics, which deals with the
forces
and
their
effects,
whileacting upon the bodies in
motion.
The subject of Dynamics may be
further sub-divided into the
following two branches :
1. Kinetics, and 2. Kinematics.

KINETICS
It

is the branch of Dynamics,

which deals with the bodies in
motion due to the applicationof
forces.

KINEMATICS
It

is that branch of Dynamics,

which deals with the bodies in
motion, without any reference to
the forces which are responsible
for the motion.

Basic Terms
Essential basic terms to be understood
Rigid body: the relative movement between its parts are negligible
Dynamics: dealing with a rigid-body in motion
Length: applied to the linear dimension of a strait line or curved line
Area: the two dimensional size of shape or surface
Volume: the three dimensional size of the space occupied by substance
Force: the action of one body on another whether its a push or a pull
force
Mass: the amount of matter in a body
Weight: the force with which a body is attracted toward the centre of
the Earth
Particle: a body of negligible dimension
23
Lecture 1

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Eng. Malek Abuwarda

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Triangle Law of Vectors

Triangle Law of Vectors states that if two

vectors are represented as adjacent sides of a
triangle then the third side taken in opposite
order is the resultant of the two. This law is
used to find the resultant of two vector
which gives both magnitude and direction

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 25

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 26

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 27

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 28

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 29

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 30

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 31

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 32

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

newton's second law of motion

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 33

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 34

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 35

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

newton's third law of motion

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 36

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 37

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

newton's third law of gravity

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 38

Eighth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Free-Body Diagrams:
Free-Body Diagrams:
Create separate diagrams for each of
the bodies involved with a clear
indication of all forces acting on
each body.

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 39

Major topics of applied mechanics

Archimedes of Syracuse

Omar Khayym

Galileo Galilei

Johannes Kepler

Isaac Newton

Classification of
mechanics
1.

Classical mechanics
2. Quantum mechanics

Classical mechanics
Newtonian

mechanics-theory of motion
Analytical mechanics- system energy
Hamiltonian- mechanics-conservation of energy
Lagrangian mechanics- principle of the least action.
Classical statistical mechanicsthermodynamic

Celestial

mechanics- galaxies
Astrodynamics-spacecraft
Solid mechanics
elasticity

Classical mechanics
Acoustics
Statics
Fluid mechanics,
Soil mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Hydraulics
Fluid statics,
Applied mechanics or Engineering
mechanics
Biomechanics

Classical mechanics
Biophysics
Relativistic/

Einsteinian mechanics

Quantum mechanics
Schrdinger

wave mechanics-

wavefunction of a single

particle

Matrix

mechanics-finite-dimensional state

space

Quantum

statistical mechanics Particle physics Nuclear physics

Condensed matter physics

UNITS
1.

FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
2. DERIVED UNITS

FUNDAMENTAL UNITS

DERIVED UNITS

SYSTEMS OF UNITS
1.

C.G.S. units -Centimetregramsecond

system of units

2. F.P.S. units

3. M.K.S. units-

-Footpoundsecond system

metre, kilogram, and/or

second

4.

S.I. units

(INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS)

S.I. units (INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS)

system of physical units ( SI

units ) based on the metre,
kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin,
candela, and mole, together with a
set
of
prefixes
to
indicate
multiplication or division by a
power of ten.

S.I. UNITS
(INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
OF UNITS)

Dimensions
500.101

SI Primitives

DIMENSION

UNIT

SYMBOL for UNIT

Length

meter

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

Elec. Current

ampere

luminous intensity

candela

cd

amount of substance

mole

mol

Dimensions
500.101

SI Derived units

DESCRIPTION

DERIVED UNIT

SYMBOL

DIMENSION

Force

newton

mkg/s2

Energy

joule

m2kg/s2

Pressure

pascal

Pa

kg/(ms2)

Power

watt

m2kg/s3

SI Unit Prefixes - Part I

Name

Symbol

Factor

tera-

1012

giga-

109

mega-

106

kilo-

103

hecto-

102

deka-

da

101

SI Unit Prefixes- Part II

Name

Symbol

Factor

deci-

10-1

centi-

10-2

milli-

10-3

micro-

10-6

nano-

10-9

pico-

10-12

femto-

10-15

The Seven Base SI Units

Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Length

meter

Mass

kilogram

kg

Temperature

kelvin

Time

second

Amount of
mole
Substance
Luminous Intensity candela

mol

Electric Current

ampere

cd

Derived SI Units (examples)

Quantity

unit

Symbol

Volume

cubic meter

m3

Density
Speed

kilograms per
kg/m3
cubic meter
meter per second m/s

Newton

kg m/ s2

Energy

Joule (kg m2/s2)

Pressure

Pascal (kg/(ms2)

Pa

Scientific Notation

M x 10n
M is the coefficient
10 is the base
n is the exponent or power of 10

Factor-Label Method of Unit

Conversion
Example: Convert 5km to m:
Multiply the original measurement by a
conversion factor.
NEW UNIT
85km x 1,000m
1km
OLD UNIT

85,000m

Factor-Label Method of Unit

Conversion: Example
Example: Convert 789m to km:
789m x 1km =0.789km= 7.89x10-1km
1000m

Convert 75.00 km/h to m/s

75.00 km x 1000 m x 1 h___ = 20.83m/s
h
1 km
3600 s

Standard prefixes for the SI

units of measure

USEFUL DATA

TRIGONOMETRY

RULES FOR S.I. UNITS

standard abberviations

TRIGONOMETRY

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

SCALAR QUANTITIES
The

scalar quantities (or

sometimes known as scalars) are
those quantities which have
magnitude
only such as length, mass, time,
distance, volume, density,
temperature, speed etc.

VECTOR QUANTITIES

1. Unit vector. A vector, whose magnitude is unity,is known as unit

vector.
2. Equal vectors. The vectors, which are parallel to each other and
have same direction (i.e.,
same sense) and equal magnitude are known as equal vectors.
3. Like vectors. The vectors, which are parallel to each other and have
same sense but unequal magnitude, are known as like vectors.

Example 1
Two

forces of 100 N and 150 N are

acting simultaneously at a point.
What is the resultant of these two
forces, if the angle between them
is 45?

Example 2.

Two

forces act at an angle of 120.

The bigger force is of 40 N and the
resultant is perpendicular to the
smaller one. Find the smaller
force.