TheGlobalPositioningSystem

Technology,Applicationsand
Physics
StephenA.Wood

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GPSBasics
Orbitingsatellitesbroadcastprecisetime
Receiveronearthmeasurestransittimes
Need>=4satellitesignalstoobtain3Dpositionand
resolvetimeambiguity
Consumerreceiveraccuracy<20m
Errorsatdifferentlocationsarecorrelated
Variousservicescalculateanddistribute/sellcorrections
tobasicGPSsignals(DifferentialGPS)<<1m
WideAreaAugmentationSystemoperatedaspartof
standardGPS(Aviation)
StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GPSConstellation
24+satellitesin6orbitalplanes
55degreeinclination
20183kmaboveearthsurface
Period11hr58min,siderealday
L1=1575.42MHz,L2=1227.60MHz

Prototypeslaunched1978.Declaredfully
operationalin1995.
NewBlockIIRsatsreplacingolderones
10yearlife
2cesium+2rubidiumclocks
Canoperateautonomouslyfor180days
StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

Accuracy
5.7m

4.3m

8.2m

8.0m

StationaryGarminEtrexLegendonDashboard
Positionrecordedevery60seconds
StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

SelectiveAvailability

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GPSSignals

C/ACode:1023chippseudorandomcode.1Khz
Allsatellitesonsamecarrier,butuniqueC/Acodes
1databit=20codes.50bits/s
1chip=290meter
1023chips=300km
Dataupdatedfromground

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

ReceivingGPSsignals
Allsatellitesonsamecarrier.

1575.421546.78=28.64

Dopplershift20KHz
Receiversmostlydigital
Downmixing
sin 1 t sin

2t =

1
cos
2

1
cos 1
2

Filterhighfreq.Phaseshiftspreserved
Feasibletodigitizeandcorrelateinsoftware
sin 3 t

CA

sin

CA

22.9MHz
StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

cos

5.7MHz>Bandpassfilter
/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

AnalogGPSReceiver

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GPSApplications
HighPrecisioncraneguidanceatshipyards
Synchronizationofclocks
K2KNeutrinoOscillation:Tageventsto20ns

PrecisionFarming
GeodeticMeasurements
Windspeedaboveocean.Radarscatterometer
Surveying
IndoorGPS

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

PrecisionFarming
BaseStationreceiverbroadcastsdifferentialsignal
Tractorwith3DGPSreceivers.<1positioning
Benefits:
OptimizePlowing.Nooverlap.Pullwiderplows.
Exactlyreproducerowseachyear.Driplineplacement.
Grade/Levelfields
Broadenlaborpool
24x7plowing

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GeodeticMeasurements
SubductionpushesedgeofNorth
AmericanPlateinland
Movementwentbackward
aseismicallyforonemonthin1999
6.7

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GeodeticMeasurements
CarrierPhaseGPSrelativetoreferencesite
SolidEarthTide,poletide+oceanloadingcorrections
Hourlyestimationoftroposphericdelay
PreciseIGSsatelliteorbits
Ionosphericfreephasesolutions

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

GPSApplications

CarNavigation
Hiking
Parking
Tombstones
Geocaching

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

AFriendBuiltaSailBoat
Usedalowcostconsumerreceivertologtrip

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

Errors/Corrections
Satellite
Troposphere
Ionosphere
Relativity
SolarWind/Eclipses

Ground
PolarMotion15m
Fluctuationinrotationperiod1ms0.5m
Coordinatesystems

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

WGS84
WGS84definesellipsoidandgeoid.
GeoidisMeanSeaLevel
Geoidextendsunderlandusinggravitymeasurements

WhatdoesyourGPSreceiveruse?

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

DielectricConstantinIonosphere
RefertoJackson

DielectricConstant

Radiofrequenciesandfreeelectrons

=1

2
p
2

4 e
2
p=
m

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

12

max H 10 e / m

10MHz
/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

PropagationinIonosphere
PlanewavesolutionofMaxwell'sequations:
=

Dispersionrelation
PhaseandGroupvelocity

Delay/Advancementfromc

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

Units:TEC

TECU

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

Ionosphere

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

Variationindelay
Electrondensityvariesfrom1to100TECU
Diurnalvariation+solarweather
Angleofsatellitefromzenith
L11.57542GHz

0.555ns

L2:1.2276GHz

0.990ns

Receivershaveionospheremodel
Dualfrequencyreceiversmeasuredelay
DGPS/WAASbroadcastcorrections

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

WhyareGPSsignalspolarized?
GPSsignalsareRightHandCircularlyPolarized
Dielectricconstantinmagneticfieldispolarization
dependent.

@TEC=100TECU0.07ns
40degreesofphase

Couldconfusecarrierphasedetection
Probablyotherreasonstopolarize
StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

RelativisticEffects
SpecialRelativity(Secondorderdopplershift)
Satclocksappeartorunat
4km/sec

15ms/day

GeneralRelativity
GravitationalBlueShiftspeedsupclocks

EccentricOrbits
Causedailyvariations

SeePhysicsToday,May2002.RelativityandtheGlobalPositioningSystem
StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

SagnacEffect
Lightpropagatingoppositedirectionsinarotating
system
+/200nsonearth
Issueforsynchronizingclocksatdifferentlongitude

ManyinterpretSagnaceffect(andconfirmationby
GPS)asdisproofofSpecialRelativityTheory
Linearmotionrelative,rotationalmotionabsolute
SRTtoweird
DeepseatedneedforGeocentricity

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

OtherSystems/Future
GLONASS(GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem)
Soviet/Russiansystem,10/24satellitesinoperation
Eachsatellitehasit'sownfrequency(FDMA)

EGNOSEuropeanversionofWAAS
BroadcastscorrectionstoGPS/GLONASS

GALILEO
AdvantagesoverGPS
InpartasymbolofEuropeanPride.USNotthrilled.

GPSupgrades

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi

Homework
ListwaysinwhichaGPSreceivercanbeusedto
measuretheheightofabuilding.

StephenWood,JLAB,Nov13,2002

/home/saw/SLIDES/GPS/gpstalk.sxi