One-dimensional Flow

3.1 Introduction
P1

P2 P1

T1

T2 T1

1
u1

2 1
u2 u1

M1 1

M2 1

Normal shock
In real vehicle geometry, The flow
will be axisymmetric

One dimensional flow

The variation
of area
A=A(x) is
gradual

Neglect the
Y and Z flow
variation

3.2 Steady One-dimensional flow equation

Assume that the
dissipation occurs at
the shock and the flow
up stream and
downstream of the
shock are uniform

Translational rotational and vibrational

equilibrium

 The continuity equation

u .ds d
t
s

u .ds 0
s

L.H.S of C.V
1u1 A 2 u2 A 0

1u1 2u2

(Continuity eqn for

steady 1-D flow)

The momentum equation

( u )

u
.
d
s
)
u

f
dv

pd
s
s

t
v
v
s

( u .ds )u pds
s

P1 1u1 P2 2u2
2

 Remember the physics of momentum eq is the time

rate of change of momentum of a body equals to the
net force acting on it.
( u1 A)u1 u2 A u2 P2 A P1 A
P1 1u1 P2 2u22
2

 The energy equation

u2
u2

q d pu .ds ( f .u )dv (e ) d (e )u .ds

2
2
v
s
v
v t
s
2

u1
u2

Q ( p1u1A p2u2 A) 1 (e1 )u1 A 2 (e2

)u2 A
2
2
Q
q
1u1A

u12
u2 2
q h1
h2
2
2

Physical principle of the energy equation is the energy is

the energy is conserved
2

u1
u2

Q p1u1 A 1 (e1 )u1 A p2u2 A 2 (e2

)u2 A
2
2
Energy added to the C.V

Energy taken away from the system to the

surrounding

3.3 Speed of sound and Mach number

Mach angle
sin

at a 1

vt v M

sin 1

1
M

Wave front called

Mach Wave
Always stays inside the
family of circular sound
waves

Always stays outside the

family of circular sound
waves

a
p

a da
p dp

A sound wave, by definition,

d
T dT

( Implies that the irreversible,

ie: weak wave

dissipative conduction are negligible)

Wave front

Continuity equation
a ( d )(a da ) a ad da dda
a

da
d

Momentum equation
p a p dp ( d )(a da)
2

dp a 2 d
2a
a
d

dp 2ada a 2 d

da
a
d

dp a 2 d
da
2 a

1 dp a 2

2 a d 2 a

dp
a
d
2

No heat addition + reversible

p
a ( )s

p 2 v

v
s
s

p
General equation
a ( )s

s valid for all gas

Isentropic compressibility

For a calorically prefect gas, the isentropic relation becomes

p c

p c

p
p
p
r 1
1

c .

p
a
RT

For prefect gas, not valid for chemically resting

gases or real gases

Ideal gas equation of state P RT

a a T

Form kinetic theory

8RT
C

8 RT
C
8 1.35

a
RT

3
a C
4

a for air at standard sea level = 340.9 m/s = 1117 ft/s

Mach Number

M 1

V
a

The physical meaning of M

Subsonic flow

M 1

Sonic flow

M 1

supersonic flow

Kinetic energy
Internal energy

V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
M 2

a
RT ( 1) RT 1 R T 1 CvT ( 1) e
1
1

3.4 Some conveniently defined parameters

Inagine: Take this fluid element and Adiabatically slow it
own (if M>1) or speed it up (if M<1) until its Mach number
at A is 1.
T , a rRT , M
*

A
P
T

* V

a*

For a given M and T at the some

point A
associated with
Its values of T * and a* at the same
point

In the same sprint, image to slow down the fluid elements

isentropically to zero velocity ,

T0 total temperature or stagnation temperature

P0 total pressure or stagnation pressure

Stagnation speed of sound

Total density

a0 RT0

0 P0 / RT0

Note: T0 . 0 are sensitive to the reference coordinate system

T . are not sensitive to the reference coordinate
(Static temperature and pressure)

3.5 Alternative Forms of the 1-D energy equation

Q = 0(adiabatic Flow)
2
1

u
u
h1
h2 2
2
2

calorically
prefect

r P1
u
r P2
u
( ) 1
( ) 2
r 1 1
2 r 1 2
2
B

aB aB

aA

aA

a1
u
a
u
1 2 2
r 1 2
r 1 2

a2
u2
1 *2

a
1 2 2( 1)

If the actual flow field is

*
*
nonadiabatic form
aA A
atoB B

Many practical aerodynamic flows

are reasonably adiabatic

Total conditions - isentropic

u2
CpT
CpT
2

Adiabatic flow

T0
u 1
u 1
1
1
1

M
2
T
2 RT
2 a
2
2

T0
r 1 2
1
M
T
2
isentropic
P0 0

T
0
T

r
r 1

0
1 2 r11
(1
M )

P0
1 2 r r1
(1
M )
p
2

Note the flowfiled is not necessary to be isentropic

If not T0 A T0 B , P0 A P0 B , 0 A 0 B
If isentropic T0 , P0 , 0

are constant values

a2
u2
a0

r 1 2 r 1
a* 2 T *
2
( )

a0
T0 r 1

r 1.4
T*
0.833
T0
P*
0.528
P0

*
0.634
0

r 1 *
a02
a
2(r 1)
r 1
2

( r 21 )
0
*

1
r 1

P
P0

r
r 1

a
u
r 1 *

a
r 1 2 2 r 1
2

M
1

r 1
2

a / u

r 1

r 1 1
1 r 1 / M r 1

*
2 r 1 M
2
2 r 1
2

1
r 1 a

2 2 r 1 u
*

*2

r 1 / M (r 1)
*

or

M*

M*

( 1) M 2

2 ( 1) M 2

M*

= 1 if M=1

M*

< 1 if M < 1

M*

> 1 if M > 1

r 1
r 1

If M

EX. 32

3.6 Normal shock relations

( A discontinuity across which the

flow properties suddenly change)

The shock is a very thin region ,

Shock thickness ~ 0 (a few molecular mean free paths)
5
~ 10 cm for standard condition)

1u1 2u2

1
Known

2
To be solved

Ideal gas
E.O.S

Continuity
p1 1u1 p2 2u2
2

Momentum
2

adiabatic

Variable : 2 , u2 , p2 , h2 , T2

u
u
h1 1 h2 2
2
2

Energy

5 equations

Calorically
perfect

P2 2 RT2 , h2 C pT2

*2

a u1u2

M2

1
*
M1

Prandtl relation
Note:
*
1

M1 1 M 1 M 2 1 M 2 1

1.Mach number behind the normal shock is always subsonic

2.This is a general result , not just limited to a calorically
perfect
gas

*2

M2

1 M

2 r 1 M
2

*2

M2

1
M 1*

1 [(r 1) / 2]M 1

2
rM 1 (r 1) / 2

Special case 1. M 1 1

M2 1

2. M 1

M2

Infinitely weak normal shock . ie:

sound wave or a Mach wave

r 1
2r

2 u1 u1
u1
(r 1) M 1
*2

*2 M 1
2
1 u2 u1u2 a
2(r 1) M 1
2

 2 u1
(r 1) M 1

1 u2 2 (r 1) M 12
2

u
P2 P1 1u12 2u22 1u1 u1 u2 1u12 1 2
u1

P2
1u12
2 r 1 M 12
1
1

r 1 M 12
P1
p1
P2
2r
2
1
( M 1 1)
P1
r 1
T2
p
h
2r
2 (r 1) M 1
2
( 2 )( 1 ) 2 [1
( M 1 1)][
]
2
T1
p1 2
h1
r 1
(r 1) M 1
2

Note : for a calorically perfect gas , with =constant

M2,

2 P2 T2
, ,
1 P1 T1

M1 5
M1 5

are functions of M 1 only

Real gas effects

lim M 2
M
1

r 1
0.378
2r

2 r 1

6
M
1 r 1
lim
1

lim
M
1

P2

P1

T2

M
T1
lim
1

Mathematically eqns of
Physically , only

M1 1

2 p2 T2
, , ,M2
1 p1 T1

M 1 1, M 1 1

hold for

is possible

The 2nd law of thermodynamics s2 s1 0

s2 s1 Cp ln

T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1

M1 1

S 2 S1 0

M1 1

S 2 S1 0

M1 1

S 2 S1 0

Why dose entropy increase across a shock wave ?

2

u1

u
Large ( y small)
y

Dissapation can not be neglected

1

u2
6

0(10 m ~ 10 m)

entropy

u
u
CpT1 1 CpT2 2
2
2
CpT01 CpT02

T01 T02 To is constant

across a stationary
normal shock wave

s2 a s1a Cp ln

T2 a
P
R ln 2 a
T1a
P1a

P
s2 s1 Cp ln 1 R ln o 2
Po1

Note: 1

To const for a moving

shock

P02
f ( M 1 )only
P01

s2 s1 R ln

Po2
Po1

Po2
e ( s s ) / R
Po1
2

2. s2 s1 P02 P01 The total pressure

Ex.3.4 Ex.3.5 Ex 3.6 Ex 3.7

decreases across a
shock wave

3.7 Hugoniot Equation

u 2 u1 (

u1

1
)
2

P1 1u1 P2 2u2 P2 2 (
2

P2 P1 2

2 1 1

u1
u2
h1
h2
2
2

u2

P2 P1 1

2 1 2

h e

1 2
u1 )
2

1
1 1
1
e2 e1 ( P1 P2 )( ) p1 p2 v1 v2
2
1 2
2

Hugoniot equation

It relates only thermodynamic quantities across the shock

General relation holds for a perfect gas , chemically reacting gas, real gas
e
p
v

e pav v

e
c. f .

p
s

Acoustic limit is isentropic flow

1st law of thermodynamic with q 0

For a calorically prefect gas

r 1 v1
) 1
P2
r 1 v2

r 1 v1
P1
(
)
r 1 v2
(

In equilibrium thermodynamics , any

state variable can be expressed as a
function of any other two state variable
e e p , v

P2 f P1,v1 , v2 p2 f v2

Hugoniot curve the locue of all possible

p-v condition behind normal shocks of
various strength for a given P1 , v1
h e pv
h e p2v2 p1v1 pv p2v2 p1v1

1
p2 p1 v2 v1 v p
2

h
v
p

c. f
p

dh ds udp
s

v
p s

For a specific u1
2

u1

P2 P1 2
P P

2 1 v12
2 1 1 v2 v1

u
P P2 P1

1
v v2 v1
v1

12u12

Straight line Rayleigh line

p
2 2
a
v s

Note

c. f

P
0
v

supersonic u1 a
p
p
2 2
1u12
a
v
v s

p p

v v

Isentropic line down below of Rayleigh line

In acoustic limit (s=0) u1a insentrop & Hugoniot have the same slope

s as function (weak) shock strength for general flow

Shock Hugoniot
h h2 h1 1

(v2 v1 )
p p2 p1 2

v v ( p, s )

1
1 2
1

2
3
p
p
p .....
v1 v1
2
3
2
2 p s
3! p s
p s

For fluids
h h p , s
h
1 2h
p
2 p 2 .......
h h2 h1
2 p s
p s

Coefficient
For gibbs relation
h

1
v

Tds dh

T
p

dp
dh vdp

2h
v

2
p s p

3h
2v

3
2
p s p

1 v
1

v
3
h v1p
p 2

p
T1s ...
2
2 p s
6 p

1 v
1 2v
1 v
2
3
p
p
v1p
sp
2
2 p s
4 p s
2 s p
1
1 1 2
2 p 3 0 p 4
s T1
p
2 s

4 6 p

p 0

Let

s 0

1 2

Ts
2
12 p

For every fluid

s 0

2v
0
p 0 if
2
p s

s 0

p 0 if v 0
p 2

2v

2
p

Normal fluid
Compression shock
Expansion shock
p

0
s

s=const
u

2v

0
s

s=const
u

3.8 1-D Flow with heat addition

q

e.q 1. friction and thermal conduction

u1

u2

p1

p2

T1

T2

2. combustion (Fuel + air) turbojet

ramjet engine burners.

1u1 2u2
p1 1u1 P2 2u2
2

3. laser-heated wind tunnel

+E.O.S

4. gasdynamic and chemical

u12
u
h1 q h2 2
2
2

leaser
h CPT

Assume calorically perfect gas

u22
u1
q C pT2 C pT1
2
2

C p T02 T01

The effect of heat addition is to directly change the total

temperature of the flow
Heat addition

To

Heat extraction

To

P2 P1 1u1 2u2
2

P1M 12 P2 M 22
P2
P2
2
2
1 M 1
M2
P1
P1

P 2
u a M M PM 2

P2 1 rM 1

P1 1 rM 2 2

T 2 P2 1 P2 u2 P2 M 2 T2

T1 P1 2 P1 u1 P1 M 1 T1
1
2

u2 M 2 a2 M 2 T2

u1 M 1 a1 M 1 T1

T2

T1

1
2

1
2

T2 1 rM 1 2 M 2 2
(
)
2) (
T1 1 rM 2
M1
2

P2 M 2 1 rM 1 M 2

(
2)
P1 M 1 1 rM 2 M 1
2

2 u1
M 1 a1
M 1 1 rM 2 M 1
( )( ) ( )(
)
2 )(
1 u2
M 2 a2
M 2 1 rM 1 M 2
2

2 1 rM 2 M 1 2
(
)
2 )(
1 1 rM 1 M 2
2

02

P01
P

02

P01

P P P
02

P2 P1 P01

r 1 2
M2
2

r 1 2
1
M1

P0
r 1 2
(1
M )
P
2

r
r 1

1 rM 12
1 rM 22

T0
r 1 2
1
M
T
2

T02
T02 T2 T1
( )( )( )
T01
T2 T1 T01
2
T02 1 rM 1

2
T01 1 rM 2

r
r 1

M2

M 1

r 1 2
1
M2
2

r 1 2
1
M

T2
P2
s s2 s1 C p ln R ln
T1
P1

Given: all condition in 1 and q

T02 q C p (T02 T01 )

M2

T02
T01

P2 T2 2
, , ....
P1 T1 1
To facilitate the tabulation of these expression , let state 1
be a reference state at which Mach number 1 occurs.

P1 P * T1 T * 1 * P01 P0* T01 T0*

M1 1 M 2 M
P
1

*
P 1 M 2
T
1
2

M
*
2
T
1 M

1 1 M 2

2
*
M 1

P0
1 2 1 M 2

*
1 M 2
1
P0

r
r 1

T0 1 M 2
2

1
M
*
2
T0 1 M 2

T
P
s s C p ln * R ln *
T
P
*

Table A.3.
For =1.4

Adding heat to a
supersonic flow
M

q1 CP (T02 T01 )
*

q1 CP (T01 T0 )
q2 CP (T02 T0 )
*

q2 q1 q1

To gain a better concept of the effect of heat addition on MTS diagram

T
P
s s C p ln * R ln *
T
P
*

1
P
1
P* 1 M 2

*
2
P 1 M
P
1

2

P* 1

M 2
P

T 1
p
1
P
2
2

M * M *
*
2
T 1 M
P M
P

P
T
* M
P
T*
P 1

*
P

P* 1


P

T
T*


P 21
P*
T
( * ) (1 )( ) 1 *
P
P
T

T
P 2
P*
* ( * ) (1 )( ) 1
T
P
P

P 1

*
P
2

P 2
P T
( * ) (1 )( * ) * 0
P
P
T

T
4 *
T
2

1 1 2 4 (T )
*
ss
T 1

ln *
ln

Cp
T

Cp

rR
1

r 1
Cp

T
T*

At point A

1.0

Rayleigl line

ds
0
dT

ds 0

a2
ds 0

dp udu 0

Momentum eq.

d du
0
u

Continuity eq.

du ud dp du u u 2d
S S*
Cp

dp
u
d
2

At

point A , M=1

T
T*

B(M<1)

jump
Heating
M<1

T
*
T

0
dM

A (M=1)

cooling

2M 1 r 1 rM
2

heating

cooling
M>1

2 2

1 rM 2rM
2

ds=(dq/T)rev
addition of heat
ds>0

T
T*

At point B
lower m

S S*
Cp

MB

1.4

MB subsonic

is maximum

T
1 r 2
2
M (
)
*
2
T
1 rM

M 2 1 r 21 rM 2 2rM
2

1 rM

2 4

M2

T
*
T

1
r

max

1 1 2
(
)
11
(1 r ) 2

4r

Supersonic flow
M1>1

(M2<M1)

(P2>P1)

(T2>T1)

T0

(T02>T01)

P0
u

(P02<P01)
(U2<U1)

subsonic flow
M1<1

(M2>M1)

M1

1
2

M1

1
2

P 1

*
P 1 M 2
T
2 1
2

M
(
)
T*
1 M 2

1 1 M 2
2(
)
*
M 1

P0 1 2 ( 1) M 2 1

[
]
*
2
1
P0 1 M
T0 ( 1) M 2
2

[
2

1
)
M
]
*
2 2
T0 (1 M )

For supersonic flow

Heat addition move close to A M 1

for a certain value of q , M=1 the flow is said to be choked

Any further increase in q is not possible without a drastic revision of

the upstream conditions in region 1

For subsonic flow heat addition more closer to A , M 1

*
q
for a certain value of

If

M 1 the flow is choked

q > q* , then a series of pressure waves will propagate

upstream , and nature will adjust the condition is region 1
to a lower subsonic M
decrease
m

E.X 3.8

3.9 1-D Flow with friction

Fanno line Flow

- In reality , all fluids

are viscous.
- Analgous to 1-D flow
with heat addition.

Momentum equation

s u .d s u s pd s s w .d s

4 L
p2 p1 2u2 u 0 w dx
D
dp udu

2
1 1

4
1
w dx w u 2 f
D
2

4f
dP
udu
1 dP du
dx

2

2
1
1
D
u
rM P
u 2 u 2
2
2
dp d dT
du dT

T
u
T

1u1 A 2u2 A p1 A p2 A D w d
2

dM du 1 dT

u Ma
M
u 2 T

Good reference for f : schlicting , boundary layer theory

 adiabatic , To = const

r 1 M 2 dM

T0
r 1 2
dT
M 0
1
M

r 1 2
T
2
T
1
M
2

4 fdx
2
2 1 M 2 1 1 1 M 2

D
M
2

x2

x1

4 fdx
1
r 1
M2

ln
2
r

1
D
rM
2
r
1

M 2

r 1 2
2
M1
T2 T2 T0
2

(
r

1
)
M
1
2

T1 T0 T1 1 r 1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2
2
1

M2

M1

dM
M

P2 M 1 2 (r 1) M 1

P1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2

2 M 1 2 (r 1) M 1

1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2

( r 1)

P02 M 1 2 (r 1) M 2

P01 M 2 2 (r 1) M 12
2

[ 2 ( r 1)]

Analogous to 1-D flow with heat addition using sonic reference

condition.
T
r 1

T * 2 (r 1) M 2

P
1
r 1

P * M 2 (r 1) M 2

1 2 (r 1) M

* M
r 1

1
2

P0
1 2 (r 1) M

*
P0 M
r 1

r 1

2 r 1

IF we define x L* are the station where , M =

1

L*

4 fdx
1
r 1
M2

ln
2
r 1 2
D
rM
2
r
1
M

4 fL* 1 M
1 (r 1) M 2

ln
2
2
D
M
2
2 (r 1) M
2

1 L
* 0 fdx
L
*

F: average friction coefficient

Table A.4

s s1 Cv ln

Fanno line
ds < 0

m 1

m 2

T
u
R ln Cv ln R ln
T1
1
T1
u1

u 2Cp T0 T

u2
h0 h
2

chocked

s s1
T r 1 T0 T
ln
ln
C
T1
2
T0 T1
ln T

ds > 0

At point P

1
r 1

0
T 2(T0 T )

u 2C p (T0 T )

C p (T0 T )

r 1
ln T0 T const
2

u
2

r 1
rR u 2 rRT a 2
2
2
u r 1 u
2.
M 1
2 rR

T high

u low

above

P,M<1

T low

u high

below

P,M>1

1-D adiabatic flow with friction

Supersonic flow
M1>1

(M2<M1)

(P2>P1)

T
T0

(T2>T1)

P0
u

unchanged
(P02<P01)
(u2<u1)

Subsonic flow
M1<1

(M2>M1)

unchanged