BASIC

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Bronchiti
s

Lecturer: Dr Mohd Hilmi Bin Abu

Bakar
Presented by:
Vivian Ng Jian Wen (037680)

Bronchial canals are

the main channels for
the passage of
airstream towards the
lungs.

They protect the lungs

against germs and
dirt particles which
are trapped in the
mucous lining of the
lumen and are
removed out of the
windpipe with the
help of ciliated cells.

Bronchi

What is BRONCHITIS?

Bronchi

Inflammatio
n

What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is a respiratory infection that

inflames the lining of the bronchial tubes
cause the overproduction of mucus by
goblet cell which lead to the disruption in the
airflow.
Two type of bronchitis

Acute bronchitis
Usually come suddenly and can last for 3 10 days.

Chronic bronchitis
Is when a cough with mucus persists for most days

at least three months in at least two consecutive

years.

Pathogenesis
Microorganism
Microorganism
enter
enter
respiratory
respiratory
tract
tract by
by droplet
droplet
inhalation
inhalation

Inflammation
Inflammation
occurs
occurs

Mucous
Mucous lining
lining
of
of thebronchi
thebronchi
can
can become
become
irritated
irritated and
and
swollen
swollen

Coughing
Coughing as
as aa
reflex
reflex that
that
works
works to
to clear
clear
secretions
secretions from
from
the
the lungs
lungs

Cells
Cellsthat
thatmake
make
up
upthis
thislining
liningmay
may
produce
fluids
produce fluidsin
in
response
to
the
response to the
inflammation
inflammation

Pathogenesis

Pathologic lung changes are:

Hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands
in trachea and bronchi
Increase in goblet cells
Disappearance of cilia
Chronic inflammatory changes and narrowing
of small airways
These events trigger goblet cells to produce
excessive amount of mucus.
Airway become blocked by thick, tenacious
mucous secretions, which trigger a productive
cough.

Pathogenesis

Pathogenesis

Causes

Acute bronchitis
Viruses (Influenza A or B)
Bacteria

Chronic Bronchitis
Smoking
Air pollution (dust, fume)
Occupational exposure (grain dust, textiles,
strong acids)
Irritant substances (smog, paints)

Persisten
t cough
Productio
n
of mucus

Fatigue

Sore
throat

Sign and
Symptoms

Chest
discomfor
t

Slight
fever
and
chills

Shortnes
s of
breath

Complication

Lead to Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary
Diesease (COPD)
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Dyspnea
Emphysema
Asthma

Diagnosis

Doctor usually will diagnose bronchitis based

on your signs and symptoms and ask
questions:

How much, how long and what you coughing up?

Medical history
Had a cold or the flu recently?
Smoke or spend time around others who smoke?
Exposed to dust, fumes, vapors, or air pollution?

Use a stethoscope to listen for wheezing or

other abnormal sounds in lungs

Diagnosis
High
Resolution
Computed
Tomograph
y (HRCT)

Pulmonary
Function
Testing
(PFT)

Chest XRay

Sputum
tests

Treatment

Quit smoking
Rest and drink plenty of fluids
Inhaled bronchodilator
Cough syrup
Mucolytics
Aspirin (for adults) or
acetaminophen to threat fever
Anti-inflammatory medicines
and glucocorticoid steroids
Oxygen therapy
Pulmonary rehabilitation program
Exercising regularly

Food Good for Lungs

Garlic

Ginger

Onion

Chili

Apple

THANK YOU