BASICS OF HEAT

TRANSFER
D. DATTA
ACE(CFD,FHU & OS)
DIRECTORATE OF SAFETY

TRAINING PROGRAM IN BASIC THERMAL HYDRAULICS

8 & 9 December, 2005

WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?

T1

T 1 > T2

T2

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
RADIATION

CONDUCTION
T1 > T 2

qx

T2

FOURIERS LAW:
Steady-State heat conduction
q
dT
q k
A
dx

Slab
b

Where, q = heat transfer rate

= heat flux

k = thermal conductivity

T1

q k
T1 T2
A b
T1 T x

T1 T2 b

T2
x

UNITS
q: Watts (SI), kCal (mks), BTU/h (FPS)
q//: W/m2, kCal/m2, BTU/h/ft2
K: W/m-K2
T: K, 0C or 0F

INFINITELY LONG CYLINDER

q
dT
k
A
dr
For length,L, A=2 rL and
integrating from ri to r0, we get

2Lk Ti To
q
ln ro ri
T Ti
ln r / ri

To Ti ln(ro / ri )

Ti
ri

r0

To

COMPOSITE SLAB
q
h1 T1 TW1
h1
A
q k1
TW1 TW 2
A b1
Fluid at T1
q k2
Tw1
TW 2 TW 3
A b2
q k3
TW 3 TW 4
Overall
A b3
q
h 2 TW 4 T2
A

T1 T2 q 1 b1 b 2 b3 1
q
A h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h 2
Thermal Resistance (Elec. Equivalent) :

R th

k1

k2

k3

h2

Tw2
Tw3
b1

b2

b3

Tw4
Fluid at T2

R1

R2

R3

1 1 b1 b 2 b 3 1

R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5

A h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h 2
T T2
q 1
R th

R4

R5

GOVERNING EQUATION
Differential Equation in 3-dimension:
2T 2T 2T
T

C
p
2
2
2

z
t

where, q = volumetric heat generation

Cp

1-dim: y,z

= Specific heat
= density

T
0
Steady-state:
t

No internal heat generation: q 0

SOME EXAMPLES: FUEL PIN

Fuel

Cylindrical Coordinates
1-Dimension
Steady-State
d dT q
0
r

dr dr
k

Tmax

Clad
Gap
Coolant
Tf

dT
B.C.:At r rc , q k dr h( T T f )

SOME EXAMPLES: COOLING OF A WALL

b

Cartesian Coordinates
1-dimension
No heat generation

T(t)

q=0

Transient
2T 1 T

2
x t

B.C.:At x 0 , q 0
x b ,T T

I.C.:At t 0 ,T Tinit T

Tinit
t =0

t
t

T
x

CONVECTION
y

Fluid

u( y )

T( y )

Ts

Ts T

GOVERNING EQUATION
Energy Equation in 2-dimension:
2T 2T

T
T T
k

C
V

p
x
y
2
2

Where, Vx & V y are the velocities in x- and ydirection

1-dim: y

T
0
Steady-state:
t

FORCED CONVECTION
Forced Flow

Air

FORCED CONVECTION
Flow in a pipe
- Constant Wall Temperature/ Constant Heat Flux
To

Tw/q//

To
Thermal Entrance Region

Fully Developed Region

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

Nusselt No, Nu =

Conductive Re sis tan ce D / kA hD

k
Convective Re sis tan ce 1 / hA

Reynolds No, Re =
Prandtl No, Pr =

Inertial forces vD

Viscous forces

Kinematic Vis cos ity

Thermal Diffusivity

Peclet No, Pe = Re.Pr

Heat Transfer Coefficient, h = Nu. k/D

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

Laminar: Nu = 4.364
Turbulent: 0.7 < Pr < 100,
Dittus-Boelter Correlation:
Pr < 0.01
Liquid Metals,
Seban & Shimazaki:

Nu D 0.023. Re0.8 Pr n

Nu D 5.0 0.025 Pe0.8

Other correlations for Flat Plate & Cross flow through

cylinders

FREE /NATURAL CONVECTION

Buoyancy-driven
Flow
Hot components
on PCBs
q

Air

FREE /NATURAL CONVECTION

Coupled Effect of
Temperature variation &
Velocity Variation

Vx

Energy & Momentum Eqns

are solved simultaneously
Buoyancy

Tw
T

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

Grashof No, Gr =

Buoyancy forces. Inertia forces g Tw T x 3

2
Viscous forces
2

Rayleigh No, Ra = Gr.Pr

-
Volume expansion coefficient
T T

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

CORRELATIONS

Vertical Plate (Churchill & Chu)

0.387 RaL1 6
Nu L 0.825
9 16

1 0.492 / Pr
Horizontal Plate (McAdams)

8 27

Heated upper surface

Nu L 0.54 RaL1 4 ,

2.6 10 4 RaL 107

Nu L 0.15 RaL1 3 ,

107 RaL 3 10 10

Heated lower surface

Nu L 0.27 RaL1 4 ,

3 10 5 RaL 3 10 10

Horizontal Tube(Churchill & Chu)

Nu L 0.36

0.518 RaD1 4

1 0.559 / Pr

9 16 8 27

0.387 Ra

16
D

Nu L 0.60
9 16

1 0.559 / Pr

10 -6 RaD 10 9

,
8 27

10 9 RaD 3 10 10

SOME EXAMPLES

RADIATION
Gas
G

Gas

h ,T

qconv

Surface of Emissivity ,
absorptivity , and temperature Ts

Surroundings at Tsur

h ,T

qrad

Surface of Emissivity
area A , and temperature Ts

qconv

RADIATION

Electro-magnetic Wave
Black Body
Emmisive Power, e
e
Emmissivity, e
b
Absorptivity,
Reflectivity,
Transmissivity,

Body

1
Black Body, 1

RADIATION

Stefan-Boltzmann law:
e T 4
Kirchoffs Law: For a Gray surface,

General Radiant Heat Flux equation
between two Surfaces:
q F12 T14 T24

Stefan

Boltzmann
Constant
,
W
m
K4
where,
F12 Shape Factor

SHAPE FACTORS
Two Surfaces
F1-2 A1 F2-1 A2

Multiple Surfaces
F1-1 F1-2 .. F1-n 1

......
Fn-1 Fn-2 .. Fn-n 1

Two Infinite Parallel surfaces

F12

1 1
1
1 2

Two concentric cylindrical surfaces(1:inner)

F12

1 A1 1

1
1 A2 2

PHASE CHANGE
BOILING
CONDENSATION

BOILING
POOL BOILING

FLOW BOILING

BOILING CURVE
Natural
Convection

Nucleate
Boiling

CHF

Film Boiling

q//
Minimum Film
boiling

(Tw-Ts)

Burnout

CONDENSATION
y

DROPWISE
z

FILM

Vz
Ts
Tw

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Transfer Process
- Direct Transfer type
- Storage type
- Direct contact type

Shell & Tube

Tubular
Double-pipe

Plate Type

/U-tube
Cooling Tower
Scrubber

Fluid Phase Change

Single phase

Heat Exchanger

Boiling

Boiler

Condensation

Condenser

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Categorization based on flow
Parallel flow
Counter flow
Cross- flow

HEAT EXCHANGERS
BASIC EQUATIONS IN H.E. ANALYSIS

q m c .C pc .( Tco Tci )
q m h .C ph .( Thi Tho )
q UATlm
Where,

U Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

A Heat Transfer Area

T1 T2
Tlm Log Mean Temperatur e Difference
T1

ln
T2

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Based on tube inner radius ri,
U

1
1 ri ro ri 1 ri
ln
Fo
hi k ri ro ho ro

Fo= Fouling Factor

Thi

Thi
Tho

Ti

Ti

Tho

Tco

Tco
Tci

Countercurrent

Tci

Cocurrent

To

THANK YOU