PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS DEFINED AS A FORCE

ACTING ON A UNIT AREA.
COMMON UNITS USED FOR MEASUREMENT
ARE:

KG PER CENTIMETER SQUARE(KG/CM2)

POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH(PSI)
MM OF WATER COLUMN(MMWC)
MM OF MERCURY(MMHG)

THREE SCALES FOR PRESSURE

MEASUREMENT.

Gauge pressure scale.

Absolute pressure scale.
Vacuum scale.

PRESSURE SCALE

Any pressure below atm

Absolute
Pressure

Vaccum

Absolute Pr =
Gauge+Atm Pr

Absolute
Atmospheric
Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure level

Gauge
Pressure

Any pressure above atmospheric

Absolute zero of Pressure perfect vaccum

Gauge pressure measurement : Reference point

is the atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure measurement : Reference
point is the absolute zero point.
( Ab. P = GP + At. P )
Vacuum measurement : Reference point is the
atmospheric pressure and the maximum is at the
absolute zero point. Vacuum measurement is
measurement below atmospheric pressure.
Thus the vacuum scale is used to indicate the
negative gauge pressure.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
IS
THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
THE TWO PRESSURES.

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted

by the air surrounding the earth .
At sea level the atmospheric pressure is
2
14.7psi. or 1.0332 Kg / Cm
For atmospheric pressure measurement
barometer is used.
For absolute pressure measurement aneroid
barometer is used.
For vacuum measurement elastic deformation
principle is used.

MANOMETER : THE MANOMETER CAN BE

USED FOR LOW PRESSURE IN ADDITION TO

SIMPLE U TUBE MANOMETER.
DIRECT READING WELL TYPE MANOMETER &
INCLINED
TYPE MANOMETER
USED.
MANO METER
- LOWARE
PRESSURE.

DIAPHRAGM
PRESSURE
MEASURING DEVICES.
BELLOWS
CAPSULES
BOURDON TUBE

- MEDIUM PRESSURE
- MEDIUM & HIGH
PRESSURE.

U TUBE MANOMETER

MANOMETER LIQUIDS
DISTILLED & DEMINERALISED WATER
( COLOURED )

TRANSFORMER OIL
MERCURY
BLENDED PARAFFIN LIQUID
TO AVOID CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN MANOMETER LIQUID & PRESSURE
MEASURING LIQUID , SEALING LIQUID IS POURED IN EACH LIMB ON TOP OF
MANOMETER LIQUID.

THE LIMB HEIGHT OF MANOMETER

IS DECIDED BY THE WEIGHT
DENSITY OF LIQUID USED IN IT.
WHEN THE APPLIED PRESSURE IS
SAME THE LEVEL CHANGE IN
LIQUID IS IDENTICAL REGARD LESS
OF TUBING IRREGULARITIES.

WELL OR RESERVOIR
MANOMETER
VACUUM CONNECTION

GLASS TUBING

CALIBRATED
LINEAR
SCALE

PRESSURE
CONNECTION

ZERO
LEVEL

RESERVOIR

MERCURY OR OTHER SEALING LIQUID

SCREW FOR ZERO

ADJUSTMEANT

INCLINED TUBE
MANOMETER
LONGER SCALE THAN THE U
TUBE
MANOMETER FOR SAME

LOW PRESSURE
CONNECTION

d2

P1
UNIFORM
AREA A2

HIGH
PRESSURE
CONNECTION

E
L
A
C
S

N
E
L

H
T
G

hd

Z
E
R
O

LEVEL
GLASS
TUBE OF
UNIFORM
AREA A1

SEALING
LIQUID

P2

HORIZONTAL

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
ELEMENTS

THE DIAPHRAGM IS BEST

SUITED FOR LOW PRESSURE
SENSING. ONE TYPE OF
DIAPHRAGM IS NON-METALLIC
EMPLOYING SUCH MATERIALS
AS
LEATHER,TEFLON,NEOPRENE.

TWO CIRCULAR DIAPHRAGMS ARE

WELDED OR SOLDERED TOGETHER TO
FORM A PRESSURE CAPSULE.

The deflection of pressure capsules

Diameter
depends
upon of the capsule.
Thickness of the material.
Elasticity of the material.
Design of the capsule(shape and
number of corrugations)

IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE

DEFLECTION V/ S PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP BE LINEAR AND
THAT THE CAPSULE BE MADE OF
MATERIAL WHICH WILL MAINTAIN
ITS ACCURACY AFTER MANY
DEFLECTIONS.
PHOSPHOR BRONZE,STAINLESS
STEEL AND NI-SPAN-C(A NICKEL
ALLOY) ARE THE MOST COMMON
MATERIAL USED FOR PRESSURE
CAPSULES.

BELLOWS:
A BELLOW IS A ONE PIECE,
COLLAPSIBLE, SEAMLESS
METALLIC UNIT WITH DEEP FOLDS
FORMED FROM VERY THIN
WALLED TUBING, METALS SUCH AS
BRASS, PHOSPHOR BRONZE AND
STAINLESS STEEL ARE AMONG THE
TYPE USED FOR SUCH BELLOWS.

PRESSURE SPRINGS:
PRESSURE SPRINGS OF HELICAL
OR SPIRAL SHAPE OR OF THE
SIMPLE C-SHAPED BOURDON TYPE
ARE USED FOR HIGHER PRESSURE.
BERYLLIUM COPPER, STEEL AND
STAINLESS STEEL ARE AMONG THE
METALS USED FOR SUCH
ELEMENTS.

SELECTION OF MATERIAL
DEPENDS UPON MAXIMUM
PRESSURE, MODULES OF
ELASTICITY,COST &
POSSIBILITY OF
COROSSION.

BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

IF THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE TUBE

IS MORE THAN THAT EXISTING
OUTSIDE THE ELIPTICAL SECTION
CHANGES ITS SHAPE AND IT
BEGINS TO STRAIGHTEN OUT ,
WITH THE RESULT THAT THE FREE
END DEFLECTS IN AN ARC.

CALIBRATION:

CALIBRATION IS THE
TESTING OF VALIDITY OF
MEASUREMENT WITH
STANDARDS (MASTER
GAUGES).

CALIBRATION ERRORS
ZERO ERROR.
SPAN / GAIN ERROR.
ANGULARITY /
LINEARITY ERROR.
HYSTERSIS ERROR.

ACCESSORIES
PIG TAIL
U-TUBE PROVIDES AN EFFECTIVE
WATER
SEAL

SNUBBER PREVENT RAPID PULSATIONS

BY
THROTTLING EFFECT.

PG MOUNTING TECHNIQUES

PRESSURE SWITCH
SENSING ELEMENT.
BALANCING BEAM.
ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM.
ELECTRICAL SWITCH.

ADJUSTABLE
MOVABLE SCREW

FIXED NUT

DIAPHRAGM

MECHANICAL STOP
FIXING THE ZERO
POINT

BODY

PRESSURE CONNECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
GAP ADJUSTER

DIFFERENTIAL
GAP INDICATOR

SET POINT
INDICATOR

FULCRUM
OVERLOAD
SPRING
PRESSURE INPUT