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INTRODUCTION
Chapter 8
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
PERT
CPM
NETWORK
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Example of Network
More Complex
Chapter 8
Activity
:
any portions of project (tasks) which required by
project, uses up resource and consumes
time may involve labor,
paper work,
contractual negotiations, machinery operations
Activity on Arrow (AOA) showed as arrow, AON Activity on Node
Event
:
beginning or ending points of one or more
activities, instantaneous point in time, also
called nodes
Network
SUCCESSOR
PRECEEDING
ACTIVITY
EVENT
Chapter 8
WRONG !!!
CORRECT
Chapter 8
Description
Design Component
Make Component
Assemble product
Immediate
predecessors
B
A,C
Chapter 8
Sequence of activities
Chapter 8
10
2
Nodes correspond to the
beginning and ending of
activities
Chapter 8
11
Example 2
Develop the network for a project with following activities
and immediate predecessors:
Activity
Immediate
predecessors
A
B
A, C
Try to do for
G the first five
D,E,F(A,B,C,D,E) activities
Chapter 8
12
3
E
B
C
Chapter 8
5
We need to
introduce a
dummy activity
13
3
dummy
B
C
E
F
Note
Dummy
Dummy
14
a
2
Dummy
WRONG!!!
RIGHT
Activity c not
required for e
WRONG !
a
a
b
d
1
c
c
WRONG
!!!
Chapter 8
RIGHT
RIGHT
15
WRONG!!!
RIGHT!!!
a precedes d.
a and b precede e,
b and c precede f (a does not precede f)
Chapter 8
16
Immediate
predecessors
A
A
A
E
D,F
B,C
G,H
Completion
Time
Total
5
6
4
3
1
4
14
12
2
51
17
18
ES = earliest start
time
Activity
Chapter 8
]
5
,
0
[
A
5
t = expected activity
time
19
0]
1
6,
[
F
4
B[0
,6]
6
, 21]
9
[
H
12
5
4]
0,2
G[1 4
1
E[
5,6
]
1
C[5,9]
4
A[
0
5 ,5]
26]
,
4
2
I[
2
3
Earliest start time rule:
The earliest start time for an activity leaving a particular node
is equal to the largest of the earliest finish times for all
activities entering the node.
Chapter 8
20
ES = earliest start
time
Activity
]
9
,
5
[
C
2]
1
,
8
[
4
LS = latest start
time
Chapter 8
EF = earliest finish
time
LF = latest finish
time
21
Chapter 8
22
A[
5[ 0,5]
0,
5]
B[0
6[6 ,6]
, 12
]
C[5,9]
4[8,12]
E[
1[5 5,6]
,6]
0]
1
6, 10]
[
F 6,
4[
21]
,
9
[
H
,24]
2
1
[
12
5
4]
0,2 ]
G[1 10,24
14[
D[5,8]
3[7,10]
26]
,
4
2
I[
26]
,
4
2
2[
3
Latest finish time rule:
23
2
ES
5
LS
8
EF
9
C
2]
1
,
8
[
4
EF
12
LF-EF = 12 9 =3
LS-ES = 8 5 = 3
LF-ES-t = 12-5-4 = 3
Chapter 8
24
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Chapter 8
Earliest
start (ES)
Latest
start (LS)
0
0
5
5
5
6
10
9
24
0
6
8
7
5
6
10
12
24
Earliest
finish
(EF)
5
6
9
8
6
10
24
21
26
Latest
finish
(LF)
5
12
12
10
6
10
24
24
26
Slack
(LS-ES)
0
6
3
2
0
0
0
3
0
Critical
path
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
25
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
What are the scheduled start and completion times for each
activity?
Chapter 8
26
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 8
27
6.
7.
8.
9.
Chapter 8
28
Chapter 8
29
EXP
Var S.Dev
Time
Time
Time
TE
10
22
22
20
20
20
20
20
10
16
10
14
32
15
25
b,c
20
10
b,c
14
20
14
b,c
12
16
11
5.4
2.32
g,h
16
38
18
28.4 5.33
d,e
14
Chapter 8
30
b
(20,0)
e
(10,4)
6
j
(8,4)
f
(14,4)
g
(4,0)
c
(10,4)
Chapter 8
d
(15,25)
h
(11,5.4)
i
(18,28.4)
31
2
20
d
(15,25)
e
(10,4)
j
(8,4)
43
4
10
h
(11,5.4)
f
(14,4)
g
(4,0)
c
(10,4)
Chapter 8
35
CRIT. TIME = 43
i
(18,28.4)
24
32
LS
ES
Slacks
Critical ?
Yes
20
20
25
20
29
20
21
20
14
10
25
24
35
35
Chapter 8
Yes
Yes
33
Example,
D = 50; S(Scheduled date) = 20+15+8 =43;
V = (4+25+4) =33
Z = (50 43) / 5.745
= 1.22 standard deviations.
1.22
Chapter 8
34
D = S + 5.745 (1.645)
= 43 + 9.45
= 52.45 days
Chapter 8
35
PERT
Same as CPM
Chapter 8
36
Chapter 8
37
Chapter 8
38
Gantt Charts
Since 1917; Useful for showing work vs time in form of bar
charts
e.g.
Chapter 8
39
Legend
Scheduled
Start
Scheduled
Finish
Actual
Progress
Unavailable
Current Date
Milestone
Scheduled
Milestone
Achieved
3
f
3
b
1
15
20
dummy
h
4
0
Chapter 8
10
25
30
Days
35
40
45
40
GANTT CHART
Chapter 8
41
Chapter 8
42
Chapter 8
43
Chapter 8
44
45
Activity
22222222
222222
22
2222
4 4 44 444 44444
H
0
10
15
20
Time
Add up across all activities to get the total number of m
required.
Chapter 8
46
10
15
20
Time
47
Example
If only 8 fitters are available at any period during the pr
New bar chart:
22222222
Activity
222222
22
2222
4 4 44 444 44444
H
0
Chapter 8
10
Time
15
20
48
Activity
222222
22
F
G
2222
4 4 44 444 44444
0
Chapter 8
10
Time
15
20
49
50
Time
Chapter 8
51