CARDIOVASCULA

R DISEASE
(HEART ATTACK AND STROKE)
PRESENTED BY:
NURUL HUSNA BINTI ISMAIL
NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD SABRI

HEART ATTACK
(myocardial infarction)

WHAT IS HEART ATTACK?

A sudden and sometimes fatal
occurrence of coronary thrombosis,
typically resulting in the death of part
of a heart muscle
Coronary thrombosis : a blockage of
the flow of blood to the heart, caused
by blood clot in coronary artery.

How heart attack can occur ?

Heart attack happen when the flow
of oxygen-rich blood to a section of
heart muscle become blocked.
Then, heart cant get oxygen.
If the blood does not flow quickly, the
section of heart begin to die.
Heart attack most often occurs cause
by coronary heart disease (CHD) and
also called coronary artery disease.

What is coronary artery

disease?
Coronary artery disease is a condition
in which a waxy substance called
plaque builds up inside the coronary
arteries.
These arteries supply oxygen-rich
blood to your heart.
When plaque builds up in the arteries,
the condition is called atherosclerosis.

 Eventually, an area of plaque can

rupture (break open) inside of an
artery.
This causes a blood clot to form on
the plaque's surface.
If the clot becomes large enough, it
can mostly or completely block
blood flow through a coronary
artery.

Why great shock can

lead to heart attack ?

 Great shock can lead to heart

attack because when we shock,
we will produce more adrenaline.
Increase of adrenaline may
contribute to the rupture of
cholesterol plaque.
Heart attack usually occur in the
morning, this is because higher
blood levels of adrenaline
released from adrenal glands
during morning hours.

Warning signal of heart attack

Uncomfortable pressure, fullness,
squeezing or pain in the center of
chest lasting more than few minutes.
Pain spread to the shoulder or arms.
Chest discomfort with light
headedness, fainting, sweating,
nausea or shortness of breath.
Anxiety, nervousness and sweaty skin
Increased irregular heart rate.

Factor that can caused CHD

Smoking
Lack of physical
activity
Stress
Alcohol
Family history
High blood pressure
Obesity

How to treat heart

attack
1. Using balloon Angioplasty

2. Using Bypass surgery creates new

pathways of circulation around
existing blockage
The blocked and
narrowed
portion of the
artery is
bypassed with
this vessel,
allow the blood
to flow to heart
muscle again.

3. Using implanted cardiac

defibrillators (ICD)
to monitor heart electrical activity.

ICD will
respond
withirregular
lifethreatening
heart rhythms

STROKE

WHAT IS STROKE?
A stroke is a "brain attack". It can
happen to anyone at any time. It
occurs when blood flow to an area of
brain is cut off. When this happens,
brain cells are deprived of oxygen and
begin to die. When brain cells die
during a stroke, abilities controlled by
that area of the brain such as memory
and muscle control are lost.

TYPES OF STROKE
STROKE

HEMORRHAGIC
STROKE

ISCHEMIC
STROKE

CAUSES OF STROKE
CAUSES
Hemorrhagic stroke
A hemorrhagic stroke is
either a brainaneurysm
burst or a weakened blood
vessel leak.Blood spills into
or around the brain and
creates swelling and
pressure, damaging cells
and tissue in the brain.
The ruptures can be caused
by conditions such as
hypertension, trauma,
blood-thinning medications
and aneurysm(weaknesses
in blood vessel walls).

Ischemic stroke
Ischemic stroke occurs when a
blood vessel carrying blood to
the brain is blocked by a blood
clot. This causes blood not to
reach the brain.
These blockages are often
caused by blood clots, which
can form either in the arteries
connecting to the brain, or in
other blood vessels before
being swept through the
bloodstream and into narrower
arteries within the brain. Clots
can be caused by fatty
deposits within the arteries

MAIN SYMPTOMS OF STROKE

Signs and symptoms often appear soon
after the stroke has occurred.
Confusion, including trouble with
speaking and understanding.
Headache, possibly with altered
consciousness or vomiting.
Numbness of the face, arm or leg,
particularly on one side of the body.
Trouble with seeing, in one or both eyes.

MAIN SYMPTOMS OF STROKE

Trouble with walking, including dizziness
and lack of co-ordination.
Bladder or bowel control problems
Depression.
Pain in the hands and feet that gets worse
with movement and temperature changes.
Paralysis or weakness on one or both sides
of the body.
Trouble controlling or expressing emotions.

How to diagnose a stroke?

The acronymF.A.S.T.is a way to
remember the signs of stroke, and can
help identify the onset of stroke more
quickly:

F.A.S.T.
Face drooping: if the person tries to smile
does one side of the face droop?
Arm weakness: if the person tries to raise
both their arms does one arm drift
downward?
Speech difficulty: if the person tries to
repeat a simple phrase is their speech
slurred or strange?
Time to call 911: if any of these signs are
observed, contact the emergency services.

TREATMENT FOR STROKE

HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Treatment can begin with
drugs being given to reduce
the pressure in the brain,
overall blood pressure,
prevent seizures and
prevent sudden
constrictions of blood
vessels. If the patient is
taking anti-coagulant or
anti-platelet medication like
Warfarin or Clopidogrel,
they can be given drugs or
blood transfusions to
counter the medication's
effects.

ISCHEMIC STROKE
Treatment can begin with
drugs to break down clots
and prevent further ones
from forming. Aspirin can
be given, as can an
injection of a tissue
plasminogen activator
(TPA). TPA is very effective
at dissolving clots but
needs to be injected
within 4.5 hours of stroke
symptoms manifesting
themselves.

PREVENTING A STROKE
The best way to prevent a stroke is to address the
underlying causes. This is best done by living
healthily, which means:
Eating a healthy diet (means getting plenty of
fruits, vegetables and healthy whole grains,
eating little or no red or processed meat, limiting
intake ofcholesteroland saturated fat and
minimizing salt intake)
Maintaining a healthy weight
Exercise regularly
Not smoking
Keeping blood pressure sleep apnea
Avoiding alcohol or moderating consumption.

DIABETES MELLITUS
TYPE 2

WHAT IS DIABETES?
Diabetes is a metabolic disease where the
body produce not enough insulin or
unable to produce any insulin.
Diabetes is a condition where the amount
of glucose in the blood is too high.
Diabetes type 2 resulting from the
combination of resistance to insulin
action, inadequate insulin secretion, and
excessive or inappropriate glucagon
secretion.

Insulin allows our cells to use glucose for energy.

Insulin resistance means, cells have trouble
absorbing glucose, which causes a build up of sugar
in the blood. The circulating free fatty acids
associated with obesity also responsible for insulin

SYMPTOMS

SYMPTOMS

Being very thirsty

Urinating often
Feeling very hungry
Feeling very tired
Loosing weight without trying
Dry, itchy skin
Feeling of pins and needles in your
feet
Loosing feeling in your feet
Blurry eyesight

CAUSES
Type 2 diabetes is sometimes called a life
style disease as it more common in people
who dont do enough exercise, have an
unhealthy diet and that are overweight or
obese.

CAUSES
LIFESTYLE
The factors including obesity and being
overweight,lack of physical activity, poor diet
andstress.
Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in
excess is associated with an increased risk.
The type of fats in the diet are also important,
withsaturated fatsandtrans fatty
acidsincreasing the risk,
andpolyunsaturatedand monosaturated
fatsdecreasing the risk.
Eating lots of white riceappears to also play a
role in increasing risk.

CAUSES
GENETICS
Most cases of diabetes involve
manygenes, with each being a small
contributor to an increased probability
of becoming a type2 diabetic.
If one identical twinshas diabetes, the
chance of the other developing
diabetes within his lifetime is greater
than 90%.

CAUSES
Medical Conditions
There are a number of medications and
other health problems that can predispose
to diabetes.
Some of the medications
include:glucocorticoids,beta blockers,
atypical antipsychotics,andstatins.
Those who have previously had
gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of
developing type2 diabetes.
Testosteronedeficiency is also associated
with type2 diabetes.

CAUSES
Type 2 diabetes is also strongly linked with
high blood pressure, high cholesterol and
an apple body shape (where excess weight
is carried around waist).

TREATMENT
Treatment for type 2 diabetes can include:
insulin tablets or injections
maintaining a healthy lifestyle which
includes a healthy diet and regular exercise