Year 9 CSC

NUTRIENTS

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Contents

NUTRIENTS
A balanced diet
Malnutrition
Special molecules
Food testing
Yoghurt manufacture
Summary
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A balanced diet
Diet is the usual food and drink that each person consumes
and is a very important part of health.
A balanced diet means eating the right types of food in the
right amounts so that the body gets the nutrients it needs.
What are the seven nutrients needed in a balanced diet?
carbohydrates

minerals

proteins

water

fats

fibre

vitamins
Which foods contain these nutrients,
and why are they important?
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Getting the amounts right

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Different nutrients

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Types of nutrients

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Nutrients in food

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Individual energy needs

The amount of energy required from food varies from
person to person. It depends on a number of factors:
Age as you grow up and your body gets larger, it requires
more energy. However, after the age of about 40, your
metabolism slows down and you dont need to eat as much.
Size larger people require more energy to keep their
bodies functioning and to move them around.
Sex males usually require more energy than females
because they tend to be more heavily built.
Lifestyle the more activity you do, the more energy you
will require.

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Individual energy needs per day (kcal)

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Individual energy needs per day (kcal)

Male (kcal)

Female (kcal)

Child 6 months

700

650

Child 8 years

1970

1740

16 year-old

2700

2100

Adult working in
an office

2500

2150

Adult doing heavy

physical work

3350

2550

A retired person
aged 75 years

2150

1700

Why do you think that, on average, adult males working

in offices need fewer calories than 16 year-old males?
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Energy balance

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Contents

NUTRIENTS
A balanced diet
Malnutrition
Special molecules
Food testing
Yoghurt manufacture
Summary
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Eating too little

Many people do not have access to enough food. A lack of
nutrients can result in malnutrition. Malnutrition is a major
health problem. It increases the risk of disease and early death.
There are several reasons
why people might not have
enough food, including:
natural disasters

poverty

war

A lack of just one specific nutrient can cause a deficiency

disease, like anaemia or scurvy.
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Deficiency diseases

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Eating too much

Eating too much means that the body consumes more
energy than it uses and so the excess starts to build up.
People who are very
overweight for their height
are said to be obese.
Currently, 17% of 15year-olds in the UK are
classified as being obese.
Obesity is a serious health problem as it affects the heart
(can lead to Coronary heart disease), blood pressure and
can lead to joint problems.
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What is coronary heart disease?

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease of the arteries
supplying the heart (coronary arteries).
The major cause of CHD is
atherosclerosis: a thickening of
arteries caused by a build-up of
fatty plaques on the inside walls.
Atherosclerosis can eventually
lead to a reduced blood supply to
tissues, with potentially fatal
consequences.

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Contents

NUTRIENTS
A balanced diet
Malnutrition
Special molecules
Food testing
Yoghurt manufacture
Summary
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What are carbohydrates?

Starchy foods contain carbohydrates which are made of
long chains of identical small sugar molecules.
Carbohydrate
one sugar
molecule
molecule
(polysaccaride)
(monosaccharide)

The long chains of carbohydrates are broken down into the

smaller sugar molecules by the body.
The small molecules from carbohydrates are used by the
body to release energy and make the body work.

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Introducing carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are a group of substances used as both
energy sources and structural materials in organisms.
All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Glucose is an abundant and very important monosaccharide.
It contains six carbon atoms. Its general formula is C6H12O6.

straight chain
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ring

ring (simplified)
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What are polysaccharides?

polysaccharides these are large molecules formed
from many monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides are mainly used as an energy store and as

structural components of cells.
The major polysaccharides are starch and cellulose in
plants, and glycogen in animals.
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Properties and uses of starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate storage molecule in plants.
It is usually stored as
intracellular starch
grains in organelles
called plastids.
Plastids include green
chloroplasts (e.g. in
leaves) and colourless
amyloplasts (e.g. in
potatoes).
Starch is produced from glucose made during photosynthesis.
It is broken down during respiration to provide energy and is
also a source of carbon for producing other molecules.
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What is glycogen?
Animals do not store carbohydrate as starch but as glycogen.
Glycogen has a branched
structure.
Glycogen is stored as small
granules, particularly in
muscles and liver.

Glycogen is less dense and more soluble than starch, and is

broken down more rapidly. This indicates the higher
metabolic requirements of animals compared with plants.
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What are proteins?

Proteins, like carbohydrates, are made of long chains of
small molecules. In proteins, these small molecules are
not identical.

protein
molecule

one
amino
acid

Proteins are made up of chains of small molecules called

amino acids. There are over 20 different kinds of amino acid.
Proteins are used by the body for growth and repair.

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Introducing proteins
Proteins are a diverse group of large and complex polymer
molecules, made up of long chains of amino acids.
They have a wide range of biological roles, including:
structural: proteins are the
main component of body
tissues, such as muscle,
skin, ligaments and hair
catalytic: all enzymes are
proteins, catalyzing many
biochemical reactions
signalling: many hormones and receptors are proteins
immunological: all antibodies are proteins.
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Proteins
Proteins are used to generate energy only when the
body has exhausted its stores of carbohydrates and fats.
Proteins are very important in the body for other reasons.
Our muscles and other tissues are made from proteins.
The body manufactures proteins from amino acids.
Your body cannot make all of the different types of
amino acid that it needs you have to consume
some of them in the food that you eat.
The protein you eat is broken down
into amino acids and used by the
body to build cells, make blood and
repair and replace tissue.
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Proteins are made from

sequences of amino acids.

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What are fats?

Fats are made up of fat molecules which contain fatty acids
and glycerol.

fat
molecule

fatty
acids

glycerol
Fat molecules have to be broken down by the body so that
they can be used for energy storage.
Fats are also used by the body to keep heat in and to make
cell membranes.
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Role of Fats
The major biological role of fats is as an energy source.
Fats provide more than twice the amount of energy as
carbohydrates about 38 kJ/g.
Fats are stored in adipose
tissue, which has several
important roles, including:
heat insulation in
mammals, adipose tissue
underneath the skin
helps reduce heat loss.
protection adipose tissue around delicate organs such as
the kidneys acts as a cushion against impacts.
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Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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Contents

NUTRIENTS
A balanced diet
Malnutrition
Special molecules
Food testing
Yoghurt manufacture
Summary
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Iodine test for starch

We can test foods to find out what chemicals they
contain.
Orangey-brown iodine turns blue-black when it
reacts with starch.
DO NOT
drop iodine solution
PUT
onto the food
FOOD
PIECES IN
THE SINK
BIN
ONLY
black = starch

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Iodine test for starch

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Benedicts test for sugars

Blue Benedicts solution turns orangey-red when it

is boiled with glucose.

chopped
up food

hot water

blue turns orange/red

= glucose

heat
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Benedicts test for reducing sugars

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Biuret test for protein

In the Biuret test the solution turns purple.

potassium
hydroxide
shake

copper
sulphate

purple = protein
chopped up
food

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Biuret test for proteins

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Emulsion test for fat (lipids)

Fats go cloudy white when they are mixed with

ethanol and water.

filter
grind food
with ethanol

add
water

cloudy = fat

Now see if you can use these tests to identify the

food chemicals on the next slides.
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Emulsion test for lipids

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For each food, decide on the chemicals found in them.

Food sample

Protein

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Test

Result

Iodine solution

orangey-brown

Benedicts test

blue

Biuret test

purple

Ethanol test

cloudy white

Fats

Starch

Glucose

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For each food, decide on the chemicals found in them.

Food sample

Protein

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Test

Result

Iodine solution

blue-black

Benedicts test

blue

Biuret test

blue

Ethanol test

clear

Fats

Starch

Glucose

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For each food, decide on the chemicals found in them.

Food sample

Protein

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Test

Result

Iodine solution

orangey-brown

Benedicts test

orangey-red

Biuret test

blue

Ethanol test

clear

Fats

Starch

Glucose

Boardworks Ltd 2008

For each food, decide on the chemicals found in them.

Food sample

Protein

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Test

Result

Iodine solution

orangey-brown

Benedicts test

orangey-red

Biuret test

blue

Ethanol test

clear

Fats

Starch

Glucose

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Contents

NUTRIENTS
A balanced diet
Malnutrition
Special molecules
Food testing
Yoghurt manufacture
Summary
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What is biotechnology?
Living things use chemical reactions to produce new
materials.
Biotechnology is the use of these reactions by humans to
manufacture useful products.

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Biotechnology an old art

Can you think of some products that have been made using
biotechnology for thousands of years?
bread

cheese and yoghurt

beer and wine

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Making yoghurt
Pasteurized or sterilized milk is
used to kill unwanted bacteria.

The milk is mixed with speciallycultured bacteria and kept warm.

The enzyme lactase from the bacteria

convert milk sugar (lactose) into lactic
acid, which gives a sour taste and
makes the product semi-solid.

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The yoghurt-making process

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Contents

NUTRIENTS
A balanced diet
Malnutrition
Special molecules
Food testing
Yoghurt manufacture
Summary
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Glossary

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Anagrams

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Multiple-choice quiz

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