Chapter Objectives

Determine the deflection and slope at specific points on beams

and shafts, using various analytical methods including:
The integration method
The use of discontinuity functions
The method of superposition
Determine the same, using a semi-graphical technique, called the
moment-area method.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

What is Deflection
deflection is the degree to which a
structural element is displaced under a
load. It may refer to an angle or a
distance.

Deflection vs bending
Bending moment
With "bending" you really mean the bending moment.
The bending moment in an inner stress within a member
(usually beam) that allows it to carry a load. The bending
moment doesn't say anything about how much a beam
would actually bend (deflect).

Deflection
Deflection measures the actual change in a material you
could call "bending." It measures the physical
displacement of a member under a load.

Deflection vs bending
Bending = lenturan
Deflection = memesongkan

In-class Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Reading Quiz
Applications
Elastic Curve
Integration Method
Use of discontinuity functions
Method of superposition
Moment area method
Concept Quiz

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APPLICATIONS

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ELASTIC CURVE

The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that

passes through the centroid of each cross-sectional
area of the beam is called the elastic curve, which is
characterized by the deflection and slope along the
curve

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Elastic curve
Deflection of beam must be limited to
provide integrity and stability of structure
and to prevent cracking.

Sketching an
elastic curve
Must know how the
slope or displacement
is restricted at various
types of support.

Sketching an elastic curve

If difficult to sketch,
draw moment
diagram first.
Use the sign
convention

Sketching an elastic curve

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Moment-curvature relationship
To find slope and displacement of the
elastic curve for a beam ( or shaft).
Use 3 coordinates, x, v and y

Deriving relation between

internal moment and

limit the analysis to an initially straight beam

that is elastically deformed by loads applied
perpendicular to the beams x axis and lying
in x-v plane of symmetry for beams cross
sectional area.
Perpendicular means that in vertical
direction from x axis.

Due to loading, deformation is caused both

by internal shear force and bending
moment.
See where load, P is in figure.

If the beam has length > depth, it will cause

bending.
See your ruler, the length is greater than its
width

Deriving relation between

internal moment and

When internal moment M

deforms the element of the
beam, the angle between
cross sections become d.
See figure at right
Arc dx represents a portion of elastic
curve intersects with neutral axis for
each cross section
The radius of curvature is which is
measured from center of curvature O
to dx.
Any arc other than dx is subjected to
normal strain.

Neutral axis

Deriving relation between

internal moment and
If the material is homogeneous and behaves in a linear-elastic manner,
Hookes law applies.

Flexure formula applies,

Combining both equations

The product EI from equation referred to as flexural rigidity. It is always +ve.

The sign of depends on direction of moment.

SLOPE AND
DISPLACEMENT BY
INTEGRATION

The elastic curve for a beam can be

expressed mathematically by
v = fx
The relationship is
2

1
d v dv

1 dv dx

32

SLOPE AND
DISPLACEMENT BY
INTEGRATION

Substituting equation 12.2 that is moment

curvature equation
M 1
d 2 v dx 2

EI 1 dv dx 2

3/ 2

d 2v
2
dx

This equation represents a nonlinear

second-order differential equation which is
called elastica.
Elastica is a family of curves.

SLOPE AND
DISPLACEMENT BY
INTEGRATION

Assume beam deflections occur because of

bending
Through use of higher mathematics, elastica
solutions can solve simple cases of beams
geometry and loading.
The equation above can be modified because
most engineering design codes specify
limitations on deflections for tolerance or
aesthetic purposes.

SLOPE AND
DISPLACEMENT BY
INTEGRATION

elastic deflections for majority of beams and

shafts form a shallow curve

The slope of elastic curve which is determined

by dv/dx will be very small. Its square will be
negligible compare to unity.

SLOPE AND
DISPLACEMENT BY
INTEGRATION

The curvature can be approximated

It is possible to write the equation in two

alternative forms
Differentiating again using w=dV/dx (eqs
6.1)

SLOPE AND
DISPLACEMENT BY
INTEGRATION
For most problems, flexural rigidity is constant along the length of
the beam. Therefore the results can be reordered into the following
set equations

Discontinuous Loading
Loading beam is discontinuous and it consists
of series of several distributed and
concentrated loads

Several functions must be written for the

internal moment as long as M = f(x). Each
valid within its region.

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION (cont)

The points on the elastic curve are assumed to

be displaced vertically not horizontally.
Put a mark on your ruler. Bend it, the mark is
displaced vertically up or down. The mark does
not go forward horizontally.
Since dv/dx is too small, you cannot see the
differences in case of a beam.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION (cont)

Boundary Conditions:

The constants of integration are

determined by evaluating the
functions for shear, moment, slope
or displacement at a point on
beam where value of function is
known.

Continuity condition at specific locations

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Continuity Condition
If the elastic curve cannot be expressed using
a single coordinate, continuity conditions is
used.
Once slope and deflection is obtained,they
must give the same values for slope and
deflection
See page 580

EXAMPLE 1
The cantilevered beam shown in Fig. 1210a is subjected to a
vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions

From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive direction, Fig.
1210b, we have

M Px

Applying Eq. 1210 and integrating twice yields

d 2v
EI 2 Px (1)
dx
dv
Px 2
EI

C1 (2)
dx
2
Px 3
EIv
C1 x C2 (1)
6
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions

Using the boundary conditions dv/dx = 0 at x = L and v = 0 at x = L,

equations 2 and 3 become

PL2
0
C1
2
PL3
0
C1 L C2
6
PL2
PL3
C1
and C2
2
3

Substituting these results, we get

P 2
L x2
2 EI
P
v
x 3 3L2 x 2 L3
6 EI

(Ans)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions

Maximum slope and displacement occur at for which A(x =0),

PL2
A
(4)
2 EI
PL3
vA
(5)
3EI

If this beam was designed without a factor of safety by assuming the

allowable normal stress is equal to the yield stress is 250 MPa; then a
W310 x 39 would be found to be adequate (I = 84.4(106)mm4)

30 5 1000
A
0.0222 rad
6
2 200 84.4 10
2

30 5 1000
vA
74.1 mm
6
3 200 84.4 10
2

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2
The simply supported beam shown in Fig. 1211a supports the
triangular distributed loading. Determine its maximum
deflection. EI is constant.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions

Due to symmetry only one x coordinate is needed for the solution,

0 x L/2
The equation for the distributed loading is w

2 w0
x.
L

Hence
M NA 0;

w0 x 2 x w0 L
x 0
M

L 3
4
w0 x 2 w0 L
M

x
3L
4

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions

Integrating twice, we have

w
wL
d 2v
EI 2 M 0 x 3 0 x
dx
3L
4
w
wL
dv
EI
0 x 4 0 x 2 C1
dx
12 L
8
w
wL
EIv 0 x 5 0 x 3 C1 x C2
60 L
24

For boundary condition, v 0, x 0 and dv dx 0, x L 2

5w0 L3
C1
, C2 0
192

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions

Hence

w0 5 w0 L 3 5w0 L3
EIv
x
x
x
60 L
24
192

For maximum deflection at x = L/2,

vmax

w0 L4

120 EI

(Ans)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Assignment Week 4
Do example 12-1 to 12-10

Mini Project Week 4

All about lamp post

Take pictures of YOU pointing to 3

different lamp posts
Analyze the most efficient design of
lamp posts in relation to Chapter 12
Do calculations using method of
integration