Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
English
language
Nga Phan
1. Grammar
Our sentence depends, for its success, on putting a
number of elements in the correct order, in this
case subject (it), verb (is), complement ( warm ),
and adverbial ( in here). The elements have to go in
the right order for the sentence to work.
*'It here in warm is'
2
2. Vocabulary/Lexis
The sentence 'It is warm in here.' is made
up of the words 'it', 'is', 'warm', 'in' and 'here'.
The speaker has chosen these words on
purpose to express a particular meaning. He
or she could have chosen 'hot' or 'cold'
instead of , warm' and, as a result, the
sentence would mean something different.
3. Pronunciation/phonology
The way the sentence is spoken will also determine
exactly what it means. Pitch describes the level (high or
low) at which we speak. Changing our pitch in an utterance
is absolutely crucial for getting our meaning across.
The word 'Yes', for example, can be said with a falling
voice, a rising voice or a combination of the two. By
changing the direction of the voice we can make 'Yes'
mean 'I agree' or 'Perhaps it's true' or 'You can't be serious'
or 'Wow, you are so right', or any number of other things.
GRAMMAR
ELEMENTS
OF
LANGUAG
E
PHONOLOGY
LEXIS
GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR is the
description of the
ways in which
words can change
their forms and
can be combined
into sentences in
that language.
Interjections
Adjectives
ss
b
r
b
er
e
v
v
d
AAd
Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Pre
ns posit
io
A Place
A Thing
An Idea
9
Kinds of Nouns
Kinds of Nouns
11
The Verb
Action
jecct
SSuubbje
t
LLiinnk
kiinngg
be verbs
&
taste
feel
sound
look
appear
become predi
cate
seem predicate
grow
remain
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stay
Every sentence
sentence must
must have
have
Every
VERB
a
13
Kinds of Verbs
Action verbs
express mental or
physical action.
Linking verbs
make a statement
by connecting the
subject with a word
that describes or
explains it.
The Pronoun
e pronoun
he
pronoun is
is aa word
word used
used in
in place
place of
of one
one or
or more
more nou
nou
may
may stand
stand for
for aa person,
person, place,
place, thing,
thing, or
or idea.
idea.
s
un
o
n
Pro
al
n
o
s
r
ine urs
e
m
P e, , yo
r
I, m , you hers,
u
,
yo , her
ur s ,
o
she ts
ur,
eir
i
it, us, o m, th
,
we y, the
the irs
the elf
s
m y r se lf
you
15
PERSONAL
PRONOUN
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN
OBJECT/SUBJEC
T
PRONOUN
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE
16
The Adjective
Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Which?
What kind?
How many?
17
The Adverb
Modifies
Modifies or
or describes
describes
aa verb,
verb, an
an adjective,
adjective,
or
or another
another adverb
adverb..
He
He ran
ran quickly.
quickly.
She
She left
left yesterday.
yesterday.
We went
went there.
there.
We
was too
too hot!
hot!
ItIt was
Answers the
the questions:
questions:
Answers
w??
Hoow
H
Whheen?
W
n?
?
e
r
?
e
e
h
r
e
W
h
W
To
To what
what degree
degree or
or how
how much?
much?
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Kinds of Adverbs
Interrogative Adverbs
introduce questions
How?
When?
How often?
?
e
r
e
Wh
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The Preposition
20
The conjunction
d
n
a
r
o
/
r
e
h
t
i
e
but
or
neith
er/no
r
21
GRAMMAR
22
Interjections
Conventions: Hi!,Bye!andGoodbye
Exclamations likeCheers!And Hooray!.
Expressions such as "Excuse me!", "Sorry!",
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POSSESSIV MAKE
ES
NEW
WORDS
GOES
FISHING
WENT
GIRL`S
CHILDREN`S
HAVE
HAS
BOOKS
BOXES
LEAF/LEAVES
CAREFUL
FRIENDLY
DISAPPEAR
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25
LEXIS/VOCABULAR
Y
A person's vocabulary is the set of words within
a language that are familiar to that person. A
vocabulary usually develops with age, and
serves as a useful and fundamental tool for
communication and acquiring knowledge.
Language Corpora: The term language corpus
is used to mean a number of rather different
things. It may refer simply to any collection of
linguistic data (written, spoken, or a mixture of
the two), generally to characterize a particular
state or variety of one or more languages.
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ROOT
NEW
WORD
AFFIX
AMAZE
AMAZED
AMAZING
AMAZINGLY
AMAZEMENT
COOK
COOKER
COOKERY
COOKING
COOKED
UNCOOKED
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HAIRBRUSH
BROTHER IN-LAW
DVD PLAYER
SUPER-RICH
HEAVY RAIN
TALL MAN
DO HOMEWORK
FAST SLOW
RICH POOR
BIG LARGE
COUCH - SOFA
FURNITURE
MAMMALS
ADMIRABLE
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COMPOUND WORDS
ROOT + ROOT
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COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words are written in different
ways:
1.-as one word
armchair
sunflower
sunglasses
Fruit-cake
Desk lamp
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COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
2.- ADVERB
VERB
PAST PARTICIPLE
HIGHLY
RESPECTED
LITTLE - KNOWN
WELL - EDUCATED
WELL - KNOWN
WIDELY
RECOGNIZED
HIGH
SPIRITED
KIND
HEARTED
OPEN - MINDED
STRONG.
WILLED
3.- ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
NOUN
VERB
present participle
EASY
GOING
BREATH TAKING
WELL MEANING
31
COLLOCATION
refers to the ways words are combined with
each other.
TYPES OF
EXAMPLES
COLLOCATION
ADJECTIVE+NOUN
VERB + NOUN
DO / MAKE HOMEWORK
GO / TAKE A BREAK
GO BY / ON FOOT
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SYNONYMS
ANTONYMS
LEXICAL
SETS
DIRTY
IMPORTANT
CRAZY
FANTASTIC
OBESE
TALL
HAPPY
DIRTY
OLD
HOT
FILTHY
SIGNIFICANT
NUTS
WONDERFUL
OVERWEIGHT
SHORT
SAD
CLEAN
NEW
COLD
FOOD
SPORTS
SCHOOL SUBJECTS
APPLIANCES
MONEY
33
34
35
Vowels
bait
father-
bird
bought
wet
about
bat
bite
boy
36
Consonants
hot -
shut -
vet win -
/s/
Voiced
consonants &
vowels
/z/
Unvoiced
consonants
/Iz/
With
sibilants
/s/ /z/
Plant
Cake
Paint
Cook
Language
Dress
Watch
Close
38
STRESS
to pronounce a word or syllable with
greater force than other words in the same
sentence or other syllables in the same
word.
The meaning of a sentence often depends
on stress and intonation.
When 'insert' is a verb, the stress is on the
second syllable,
but when it is a noun, the stress is on the
first syllable insert.
39
COMPOUND WORDS
compound is
adjectival,the stress
goes on the second
element.
Loudspeaker
Bad-tempered
Second-class
Three-wheeler
a noun,Typewriter
the stress
goes on Suitcase
the first
element.Tea-cup
sunrise
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E L I S I ON
describes the disappearence of a sound
(unrealesed consonant)
tarantula?
Can you ask Bob to sit behind Kate?
I wonder if could borrow that book.
Can you take it back to Greg tomorrow?
Would you mind giving Albert some
LINKING
it?
42
Language in use
The way English speakers use systems of grammar, vocabulary and
pronunciation is dependent upon a number of variables; speaking
and writing, register and language varieties.
2. Register:
3. Functions
A FUNCTION IS A REASON WHY WE COMMUNICATE,
WE HAVE A PURPOSE OR FUNCTION.
APOLOGISING
GREETING
AGREEING
INVITING
REFUSING
THANKING
INTERRUPTING
REPORTING
ADVISING
CONTEXT
EXPONENT
FUNCTION
Introducing
yourself.
A customer doesnt
understand.
Asking for
clarification
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3. Language varieties:
CONCLUSION
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