Course Teacher

Name:
Rank:
Position:
Mobile:
Email:

Dr. Muhammad Rabiul Islam

Major
Instructor Class B
01769024092
mrabi77@yahoo.com

What is the Course

ECHANICS OF STRUCTURE

ME 22

Mechanics of structures is the computation

of deformations, deflections, and internal
forces or stresses within structures, either
for design or for performance evaluation of
existing structures.

Deflection

Deformati
on2

For
preventing
this
structural
failure, U need to
understand
the
behavior/
response of Ship
Structure.

Ship
Structure
(3/1)
Mechanics of
Structure
(2/2)
Engineering
Mechanics
(2/1)

If u dont concentrate, this can be

happened!

The M/T Prestige

suffered a Structural
Failure on 14
November 2002
4

Which Books will be followed??

Mainly we will follow:
Mechanics of Materials James M. Gere, Barry J.
Goodno
The book may not be available currently in MIST
library
Please collect the soft copy from class computer
Some will be taken from: (Some Examples)
Strength of Materials Andrew Pytel, Ferdinand
L. Singer
Probably
currently
MIST library
Pls
Collectavailable
the Course
Layout in
Softcopy
from Class
Computer. You will know what you are going to
learn, when the CTs will be taken etc.
5

Fundamental of Stress Analysis

Stress, P

Unit is force per unit area and is denoted by the

Greek letter sigma.

Tensile Stress: When the bar is

stretched by the forces;
Compressive Stress: If the forces
are reversed in direction, causing the
bar to be Compressed;
Normal Stress: Stresses act in a
direction
perpendicular
to
the
surface;
Normal stresses may be either tensile
or compressive.
6
Shear Stress: Stress acts
parallel to

Units of Stress and Some Basic

Definitions

Units

USCS: psi (pounds per square inch), ksi (kilopounds

per square inch)
SI: N/m2 (Newton per meter square - Pascal)
1 MPa = ?? N/m2 ;

1 Mpa = ?? N/mm2 ;

Prismatic Bar: Straight structural member having

the same cross section throughout its length;
Axial Force: Load directed along the axis of the
member;
Free-body Diagram: Self weight of the structure is
not considered and can exist freely;

Cross section: Section perpendicular

7
longitudinal axis of Structure;

to

the

Examples

Consider d = 50 mm, P = 27 kN then

13.8 MPa
= ??
Consider the cross
10.8section
MPa as square
where
one side
mm
then
=
??
P = 50
The
equation
is
valid
only
if
the

stress is uniformly distributed over

the cross section A i.e., if force P acts
through the centroid of the crosssectional area.
If
the
stress

is

not

uniformly

distributed, the stated

Equation is useful to calculate the
average normal

Strain,

Strain,

length)

(elongation per unit

Where, : total elongation = (final

initial) length
If the bar is in tension, the strain is
L = initial length , Strain has
called a tensile strain, representing
no
andimension
elongation or stretching of the
material.
If the bar is in compression, the
strain is a compressive strain and
the bar shortens.
Tensile strain is usually taken as
positive and compressive strain as
negative.
9

Uniaxial Stress and Strain

If the deformation is uniform throughout the
volume, which requires the bar be prismatic, the
loads act through the centroids of the cross sections,
and the material be homogeneous (that is, the same
throughout all parts of the bar). The resulting state
of stress and strain is called uniaxial stress and
strain.

Questions or
Doubts????
10

Location of Centroids of Plane Areas

Total Moment Considering Elemental Area:
First
Moment
ofarea
withrespect
toxaxis Q ydA
First
Moment
ofarea
withrespect
to yaxis Q xdA
x

Total Moment Considering Total Area:

First
Moment
ofarea
withrespect
toxaxis Q y A y dA
x

First
Moment
ofarea
withrespect
to yaxis Q x A x dA
y

Finally:
Right Hand Rule
Imagine that you grasp an axis of coordinates with
your right hand so that your fingers fold around the
axis and your thumb points in the positive direction of
the axis. Then a moment is positive if it acts about the
axis in the same direction as your fingers.

L e t s P r a c t i c e o n B l a c k b11o a r d

Line of Action of the Axial Forces for a Uniform Stress

Distribution
p1: the point in the cross section
where the line of action of the forces
xy axes
intersects
the cross
section;
in the plane
of the
cross section;
Moments of the force P : M x P y, M y P x (right hand rule)
Differential Force dA
Moments of the elemental force ydA and - xdA
Considering total moments M x P y ydA
M y P x xdA
Since a constant and equal to
ydA

y
;
A

P
A

xdA

x
;
A

In order to have uniform tension or compression in a

prismatic bar, the axial force must act through the
12
centroid of the cross-sectional area.

Examples
Let us solve and understand Problems no. 101
and 102 of the reference book Strength of
Materials Andrew Pytel, Ferdinand L. Singer.
I hope all of you have collected the book from
the library in the mean time.

Questions or
Doubts????

Pls practice Example 1-1 and 1-2 of Text Book.

If any question, ask in the next class. A
common question for all:
Why the maximum axial force 13in the rod

Mechanical Properties of Material

From origin O to point A:

The relationship between
stress and strain in this
initial region is not only
linear but also proportional;

Stress at A is called the

proportional limit;

For low-carbon steels, this limit is in the range 210 to

350 MPa, high-strength steels (with higher carbon content
plus other alloys) can have proportional limits of more
than 550 Mpa;

The slope of the straight line from O to A is called the

modulus of elasticity;

With an increase in stress beyond the proportional limit,

the strain begins to increase more rapidly
for each
14
increment in stress;

Mechanical Properties of Material

Considerable elongation
occurs with no noticeable
increase in the tensile force
(from
B
to
C).
This
phenomenon is known as
yielding of the material, and
point B is called the yield
The
corresponding
In the region from B to C thepoint.
material
becomes
perfectly
plastic, which means that it deforms
an the
increase
stress iswithout
known as
yield
in the applied load.
stress of the steel.

The elongation of a mild-steel specimen in the perfectly

plastic region is typically 10 to 15 times the elongation
that occurs in the linear region;

After undergoing the large strains that occur during

yielding in the region BC, the steel begins
to strain
15

Mechanical Properties of Material

The load
eventually
reaches its maximum value,
and
the
corresponding
stress (at point D) is called
the ultimate stress.

Further stretching of the

bar is actually accompanied
by a reduction in the load,
and fracture finally occurs at

The yield stress and ultimate

stress
ofas
a Ematerial
a point
such
in Fig. are
also called the yield strength and ultimate strength,
respectively.

When a test specimen is stretched, lateral contraction

occurs. The resulting decrease in cross-sectional area is
too small to have a noticeable effect on the calculated
values of the stresses up to about point C. But beyond
that point the reduction in area begins to 16
alter the shape

Mechanical Properties of Material

If the actual cross-sectional area at the narrow

part of the neck is used to calculate the stress,
the true stress-strain curve (the dashed line CE
in Fig) is obtained. The total load the bar can
carry does indeed diminish after the ultimate
stress is reached (as shown by curve DE), but
this reduction is due to the decrease in area of
the bar and not to a loss in strength of the

material
In
reality,arethe
material
Becauseitself.
most structures
expected
to
withstands
increase
in true
up to
function
at an
stresses
below
the stress
proportional
failure (point
E);
limit,
the conventional

stress-strain

curve

OABCDE, which is based upon the original

cross-sectional area of the specimen and is
easy

to

determine,

17
provides

satisfactory

Mechanical Properties of Material:

Ductility
Metals such as structural steel that undergo large

permanent strains before failure are classified as ductile;

A desirable feature of ductile materials is that visible
distortions occur if the loads become too large, thus
providing an opportunity to take remedial action before an
actual fracture occurs.
Structural steel is an alloy of iron containing about 0.2%
carbon, and therefore it is classified as a low-carbon steel.

With increasing carbon content, steel

becomes

less

ductile

but

stronger

(higher yield stress and higher ultimate

stress). The physical properties of steel
are also affected by heat treatment,
the

presence

manufacturing

of

other

metals,

processes

such

and
as

rolling. Other materials that behave in

a

ductile

manner

(under

certain

18

Mechanical Properties of Material:

Brittleness

Materials that fail in tension at relatively low values of

strain are classified as brittle. Examples are concrete,
stone, cast iron, glass, ceramics, and a variety of metallic
alloys. Brittle materials fail with only little elongation after
the proportional limit is exceeded. Furthermore, the
reduction in area is insignificant, and so the nominal
fracture stress is the same as the true ultimate stress. Highcarbon steels have very high yield stressesover 700 MPa
in some casesbut they behave in a brittle manner and
fracture occurs at an elongation of only a few percent.
Ordinary glass is a nearly ideal brittle material, because it
exhibits almost no ductility. The stress-strain curve for glass
in tension is essentially a straight line, with failure
Questions
oryielding takes place.
occurring
before any

Doubts????
19

Elasticity, Plasticity, Creep

Elasticity: The property of a material, by which it
returns to its original dimensions during unloading;
the material itself is elastic;
During unloading if the structure returns partially to its
original
shape the material is partially elastic.
The elastic limit is usually the same as, or slightly
above, the proportional limit. Hence, for many
materials the two limits are assigned the same
numerical value. In the case of mild steel, the yield
stress is also very close to the proportional limit, so
for practical
purposes theof
yield
stress, by
thewhich
elastic
that
Plasticity:
The characteristic
a material
it
limit,
and the
proportional
limit arethe
assumed
to the
be
undergoes
inelastic
strains beyond
strain at
equal.
elastic limit is known as plasticity; ; the material itself
is plastic;
Creep: When loaded for long periods of time, some
materials develop additional strains and
are said to
20

Hookes
Law

Hookes
law
express
the
linear
relationship between stress and strain
Eor compression:
in simple tension

E is a constant of proportionality known as the modulus

of elasticity for the material. The modulus of elasticity
is the slope of the stress-strain diagram in the linearly
elastic
region.materials
The unitshave
of Eaare
themodulusplastics
same as the units
More flexible
lower
of stress.
from 0.7 to 14 Gpa
More stiff materials have a higher modulussteel - 210
Gpa (approx.)
Modulus of elasticity is often called
Poissons
Yo u n g s m o d u l u s
Ratio

Why - sign??
Applicable only in uniaxial
loading;

Applicable for linearly elastic

21

Pls practice Example 1-3 of Text Book. If any

question, ask in the next class.

Bearing Stress

Flat
bar

Clevis

Bearing Stress: Acts

bearing contact;
Fb

Average
Bearing
Stress
b

Ab

Bearing area is the projected area of the

curved bearing surface.
22

Shear
Acts tangential to the surface of the
material;
Stress
Shear forces V act over the cut surfaces of the bolt. Here there are
two planes of shear (mn and pq), and so the bolt is in double shear.
In double shear, each of the shear forces is equal to one-half of the
total;
Shear Stress highest near the center and become zero on the
edges
V 1. Shear stresses on opposite (and
parallel) faces of an element are equal in
Average
Shear
Stress

A magnitude and opposite in direction.

2. Shear stresses on adjacent (and

perpendicular) faces of an element are equal
in magnitude and have directions such that
both stresses point toward, or both point
away from, the line of intersection of the
faces.

Equilibriu
mCondition
requires
1 2
23

Shear Strain and the Sign Convention

Shear stresses have no tendency to
elongate or shorten the element in the
x, y, and z directionsInstead, the
shear stresses deform the element.
In picture, The angle is a measure of
the distortion, or change in shape, of
the element and is called the shear
strain. Because shear strain is an angle,
it is usually measured in degrees or
radians.
Positive and Negative Faces
A positive face has its outward normal
directed in the positive direction of a
coordinate axis. The opposite faces
are negative faces.
24

Sign Convention for Shear Stress

A shear stress acting on a positive face of an element is
positive if it acts in the positive direction of one of the
coordinate axes and negative if it acts in the negative direction
of an axis. A shear stress acting on a negative face of an
element is positive if it acts in the negative direction of an axis
and negative if it acts in a positive direction.
A l l s h e a r s t r e s s e s s h o w n i n Fi g . a r e
positive.

Sign Convention for Shear Strain

Shear Strain in an element is positive when the angle between
two positive faces (or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain
is negative when the angle between two positive (or two
negative) faces is increased.
The strains shown in Fig. are positive, and positive shear
stresses are accompanied by positive shear strains
25

Shear Stress Strain Diagram

The properties of a material in shear can be determined

experimentally from direct-shear tests;

Shear stress-strain diagrams is similar in shape to

tension-test diagrams for the same materials,

Only differ in magnitudes, usually about half as large as

those in tension. For instance, the yield stress for structural
steel in shear is 0.5 to 0.6 times the yield stress in tension.

For many materials, the initial part of the shear stress-strain

diagram is a straight line through the origin, just as it is in
tension.
For the linearly elastic region, the shear stress and shear
strain are proportional, thus Hookes law in shear: = G

G is the shear modulus of elasticity (also called the

modulus of rigidity).
26

Sign Convention for Shear Strain

Shear Strain in an element is positive when the angle between
two positive faces (or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain
is negative when the angle between two positive (or two
negative) faces is increased.
Strain

Faces

Sign

Reduced

Positive - Positive

Positive

Reduced

Negative Negative

Positive

Reduced

Positive
Negative

Negative

Increased

Positive Positive

Negative

Increased

Negative Negative

Negative

Increased

Positive-Negative

Positive

The strains shown in Fig. are positive, and positive shear

stresses are accompanied by positive shear strains
27

Basic Design Considerations

The actual strength of a structure must exceed the required
strength.

Considerations in Determining Factor of Safety

Probability of accidental overloading of the structure by

loads
that exceed the design loads;

Types of loads (static or dynamic);

How accurately the loads are known;
Inaccuracies in construction;
Whether failure is gradual (ample warning) or sudden
(no warning);

consequences of failure (minor damage or major

catastrophe);
28

Allowable Stress and Allowable Load

To remain material within the linearly elastic range in order

to avoid permanent deformations when the loads are
removed:

For brittle materials, such as concrete and some plastics,

and for materials without a clearly defined yield stress, such
as wood and
high-strength steels:Ultimate
Strength

Allowable
Stress

Factor
ofSafety

Allowable Load/Permissible Load/Safe Load =

(Allowable Stress)(Area)

29

Example 1-8 of Text Book (James M. Gere,

Barry J. Goodno)
GIVEN

Mc=0

MB=0

FH=0

FV=0

Determine the required cross-sectional area of bar AB and

the required diameter of the pin at support C if the allowable
stresses in tension and shear are 125 MPa and 45 MPa,
respectively. (Note: The pins at the supports are in double
shear. Also, disregard the weights of members AB and BC.)
Allowable stresses are given, to calculate minimum structure
size we need to know the load

Pls practice Example 103 of Ref. Book

30

Assignment-01
Odd Roll No.
Ref. Book Text Book

Even Roll No.

Ref. Book Text Book

(Strength of
Materials)
104, 107, 109,
113, 126, 211,
221

(Mechanics (Strength of (Mechanics

of Materials)
Materials)
of Materials)
1.2-1,
1.2-3, 105, 108, 111, 1.2-2,
1.2-4,
1.5-8,
1.6-2, 123, 209, 213, 1.6-1,
1.6-5,
1.6-6,
1.7-7,
1.7-6,
1.7-9,
1.7-11, 1.8-2,
1.8-1,
1.8-4,
1.8-5,
1.81.8-11,
1.813,
14
Total: 07 Nos. Total: 10 Nos. Total: 06 Nos. Total: 10 Nos.
Last Date of Submission: 18/08/2015, Do Not Do Without
Understanding
If necessary take help from others, but understanding is first
31

Axially Loaded Members

Structural components subjected only to tension or

compression are
known as axially loaded members:
o Solid bars with straight longitudinal axes;
o Cables and Coil springs;
o Truss members, Connecting rods in engines;
o Spokes in bicycle wheels, Columns in buildings.

Springs
K (Stiffness Constant): The force required to
produce a unit elongation;
f (flexibility constant): Elongation produced
by a load of unit value.
Equations are also applicable to springs in
compression.
32

Prismatic Bars
Uniform Normal Stress, =
P/A
Axial Strain, = /L
Longitudinal Stress, = E PL

Equations
Combinatio
ns

EA

Product EA Axial Rigidity of the

bar.

EA
Stiffness
ofaPrismatic
Bar k
L
L
Flexibilit
yofaPrismatic
Bar f
EA
33

Bars with Intermediate Axial Loads

1. Identify the segments of the bar;
2. Determine the internal
forces N1, N2, and N3

axial

3. Determine the changes in the

lengths of the segments

Bars Consisting of
Prismatic Segments

34

Bars with Continuously Varying Loads or

Dimensions
The elongation d of the
differential element can
be obtained from the
equation
= PL/EA
by substituting N(x) for
P, dx for L, and A(x) for
A, as:

35

Example 2-4 of Text Book

The bar has a constant axial force (equal to the load P);
Cross-sectional area varies continuously from one end to the
other;
36 area A(x);
Need an expression for the cross-sectional

Example 2-4 of Text Book

Finally we will
get,
By substituting dA =
dB = d,
A general formula such as above Eq. should be checked
whenever possible by verifying that it reduces to known results
for special cases. If the reduction does not produce a correct
result, the original formula is in error. If a correct result is
obtained, the original formula may still be incorrect but our
confidence in it increases. In other words, this type of check is
a necessary but not sufficient condition for the correctness of
37

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
Statically Determinate
Structure: Reactions and

Internal
Forces can be determined solely from free-body diagrams and
equations of equilibrium.
Statically Indeterminate Structure: Which is not Statically
Determinate Structure.

One Unknown (Reaction R);

One Equation of Equilibrium

R = P 1 + P2

Statically Determinate;

Statically Indeterminate;
Two Unknown (RA & RB);
One
Equation
of
Equilibrium;
Fvert = 0;
Equation of
Compatibility
38

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
PL
Force
Displaceme
ntRelation

EA

Using Equation of Equilibrium (RA+ RB=P):

Downward displacement of point C:

39

THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL

Elementary
force
acting
normal to an
element
located at an
angle from
horizontal
Horizontal components of pairs of diameter:
vertical forces
dF =
cancel out, So the total force:
pdA
=
pL(D/2)d
D
D

F pL d sin pL cos
2
2

F pDL
F pDL pD

tangential
stress
A 2tL
2t

Longitudin
al
:
40Stress
l

pD
4t

Example 2-5 of Text Book (James M.

Gere)

41

R E V I E W
1. Normal Stress

10. Necking

2. Tensile Stress

11. Ultimate Strength

3. Compressive
Stress
4. Bearing Stress

12. Ductile Material

13. Brittle Material

5. Shear Stress

14. True Stress/True

Strain
6. Transverse Stress 15. Poissons Ratio
7. Longitudinal
Stress
8. Strain

16. Factor of Safety

9. Strain Hardening

18. Flexibility42 Constant f

17. Stiffness Constant k

S T R E SS

E L E M E N T S

The most useful

way of representing
the stresses is to
isolate
a
small
element
of
material;

An element of this
kind is called a
stress element.
The dimensions of
a stress element
are assumed to be
infinitesimally
small, but for clarity
we 43 draw
the

Stresses on Inclined Sections

The resultant of the
stresses is a force P
acting in the x direction
and may be resolved into
a normal force N that is
perpendicular
to
the
inclined plane and a
shear force V that is
tangential to it.

44

Maximum Normal and Shear

Stresses
0

= 0
= 450

45

FA I LU R E
Even though the maximum shear stress in an
axially loaded bar is only one-half the
maximum normal stress, the shear stress may
cause failure if the material is much weaker in
shear than in tension. A similar type of
behavior occurs in mild steel loaded in
tension;
During a tensile test of a flat bar of lowcarbon steel with polished surfaces, visible
slip bands appear on the sides of the bar at
approximately 45 to the axis;
These bands indicate that the material is
failing in shear along the planes on which the
shear stress is maximum;

These bands are called either Lders bands or

Pioberts bands. They begin to appear when the
yield stress is reached in the bar.
46

EXAMPLE 2-11 OF TEXT

BOOK

Determine the value of x corresponding

to each of the four allowable stress. Then
the smallest value of x will determine the
47
required area.

I M PA C T L O A D I N G
Loads can be classified as static or dynamic depending
upon whether they remain constant or vary with time;
A static load is applied slowly, so that it causes no
vibrational or dynamic effects in the structure. The load
increases gradually from zero to its maximum value, and
thereafter it remains constant.
A dynamic load may take many formssome
loads are applied and removed suddenly (impact
loads), others persist for long periods of time and
continuously vary in intensity (fluctuating loads);
Impact loads are produced when two objects collide
or when a falling object strikes a structure;
Fluctuating loads are produced by rotating machinery,
traffic, wind gusts, water waves, earthquakes, and
48
manufacturing processes.

R E P E AT E D L O A D I N G O R
FAT I G U E

Among the dynamic loads, impact loads acting suddenly

and repeated loads recurring for large numbers of cycles.
A structure subjected to dynamic loads is likely to fail at a
lower stress than when the same loads are applied
statically, especially when the loads are repeated for a
large number of cycles;
In such cases failure is usually caused by fatigue, or
progressive fracture;
A familiar example of a fatigue failure is stressing a
metal paper clip to the breaking point by repeatedly
bending
Fatigueitmay
defined
backbe
and
forth. as the deterioration of a material
under repeated cycles of stress and strain, resulting in
progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.
49

S T R E SS C O N C E N T R AT I O N S
The formula = P/A is based upon the assumption that
the stress distribution is uniform throughout the cross
section;
In reality, bars often have holes, grooves, notches,
keyways, shoulders, threads, or other abrupt changes in
geometry that create a disruption in the otherwise
uniform stress pattern. These discontinuities in
geometry cause high stresses in very small regions of
the bar, and these high stresses are known as stress
concentrations;

The discontinuities themselves are known as

stress raisers;
Stress concentrations also appear at points of loading.
For instance, a load may act over a very small area and
50
produce high stresses in the region around its point of

S a i n t -Ve n a n t s P r i n c i p l e

Consider the stresses in a bar of

rectangular cross section (width b,
thickness t) subjected to a concentrated
load P;
The peak stress directly under the load
may be several times the average stress
P/bt, depending upon the area over
which the load is applied;
The maximum stress diminishes rapidly
as we move away from the point of load
application;
At a distance from the end of the bar
equal to the width b of the bar, the
stress
distribution
is nearly such
uniform.
This observation is true for most
stress
concentrations,
as holes
and grooves. The equation = P/A gives the axial stresses on a cross
section only when the cross section is at least a distance b away from
any concentrated load or discontinuity, where b is the largest lateral
dimension of the bar (such as the width or diameter). The preceding
statement about the stresses in a prismatic bar is part of a more
51
general observation known as Saint-Venants principle.

Study of Beams
Shear Forces and Bending Moments

52

Supports of Beam

Beam is a structural member subjected to lateral

loads/forces or
moments having their vectors
perpendicular to the axis of the bar;
Finding the shear forces and bending moments is an
essential step in the design of any beam. Not only the
maximum values of these quantities, but also the manner in
which they vary along the axis is very much important.

A PIN SUPPORT

It
prevents
translation at the
end of a beam but
does not prevent
rotation.
The end cannot move horizontally
or vertically but the axis of the
beam can rotate in the plane of the
figure. Capable of developing a
force reaction with both horizontal
and vertical components, but it

A ROLLER
SUPPORT
It prevents translation in the
vertical direction but not in the
horizontal direction;
The end can resist a vertical
force but not a horizontal force.
The axis of the
53 beam is free to

Types of Beam Based on Supports

A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

A BEAM WITH AN OVERHANG.

The overhanging segment is
similar to a cantilever beam.

The beam shown in Fig. which is

fixed at one end and free at the
other, is called A CANTILEVER
BEAM. At the fixed support (or
clamped support) the beam can
neither translate nor rotate,
whereas at the free end it may do
both. Consequently, both force
and moment reactions
may exist
54

Types of Load and Analysis of Beams

CONCENTRATED

LOADS

DISTRIBUTED

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
Constant intensity

Measured by intensity

LINEARLY
VARYING/VARYING

COUPLE

Intensity changes with

distance

Finding the reactions is usually the first step in the

analysis of a beam;
Once the reactions are known, the shear forces and
bending moments can be found;
If a beam is supported in a statically determinate
manner, all
reactions can be found from free body
diagrams and equations of equilibrium. 55

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

HA = ?, RA = ?, RB =?
We need to use
The equation of horizontal
equilibrium;

A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Equations of moment
equilibrium about points B
and A.

As a check on these results we can write an equation of

equilibrium in the vertical direction and verify that it
56
reduces to an identity.

CANTILEVER BEAM

HA = ?, RA = ?, MA =?

CANTILEVER BEAM

Finally

We need to use

The
equation
of
horizontal equilibrium;
The equation of vertical
equilibrium.
Equation of equilibrium
of moments about point
A in order to eliminate
both HA and RA.

57
RA and MA can be checked by taking moments about
end B of the

BEAM WITH AN OVERHANG

If you understand the solution of
simple beam and cantilever
beam, then A beam with an
overhang becomes very simple.
Do it by yourself.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

The free body is held in equilibrium by
the force P and by the stresses that
act over the cut cross section. These
stresses represent the action of the
right-hand part of the beam on the
left-hand part.
The resultant of these stresses must be
such as to maintain equilibrium of the free
body.
The
stress
resultants
in
statically
determinate beams can be calculated from
equations of equilibrium (summing forces
58
direction
andvertical
also taking moments
about the cut
in the

SIGN CONVENTIONS

In the case of a beam, a

positive
shear
force
acts
clockwise against the material
and a negative shear force acts
counterclockwise against the
material;

A positive bending moment

compresses the upper part of
the beam and a negative
moment compresses
bending
Sign conventions
for stress
the
lower part; are
resultants
called
deformation
sign
conventions;
In dealing with axial forces in a
bar
a
deformation
sign
convention has been used.
In case of equations of
equilibrium
static
sign
conventions (forces are positive
59
directions
along
the
coordinate
or negative according to axes)
their is