David M. Kroenke and David J.

Auer
Database Processing:
Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation

Chapter One:

Introduction

Chapter Objectives
To understand the nature and characteristics of
databases
To survey some important and interesting database
applications
To gain a general understanding of tables and
relationships
To describe the components of a Microsoft Access
database system and explain the functions they perform
To describe the components of an enterprise-class
database system and explain the functions they perform
To define the term database management system
(DBMS) and describe the functions of a DBMS
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Chapter Objectives
To define the term database and describe what is
contained within the database
To define the term metadata and provide examples of
metadata
To define and understand database design from existing
data
To define and understand database design as new
systems development
To define and understand database design in database
redesign
To understand the history and development of database
processing
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The Characteristics of Databases

The purpose of a database is to help people track things of
interest to them.
Data is stored in tables, which have rows and columns like a
spreadsheet. A database may have multiple tables, where
each table stores data about a different thing.
Each row in a table stores data about an occurrence or
instance of the thing of interest.
A database stores data and relationships.
- Primary Key (PK), Foreign Key (FK)

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Data in Tables

How many tables?

How many instances?
How many rows?
Each can be connected?

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The Key Characteristic of

Databases: Related Tables

Each can be connected?

What are table names?

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Naming Conventions in this

Textbook
Naming convention is a kind of rule to make developmental
process convenient.
- e.g.) JAVA: run ( ) [method], class Lion [class]
Table names are written with all capital letters:
STUDENT, CLASS, GRADE
Column names are written with an initial capital letter, and
compound names are written with a capital letter on each
word:
Term, Section, ClassNumber, StudentName

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Databases Create Information

Data = recorded facts and figures (may not be meaningful)
Information = knowledge derived from data (meaningful data)
Databases record data, but they do so in such a way that we
can produce information from the data.
The data on STUDENTs, CLASSes, and GRADEs could
produce information about each students GPA.
Data obtained
by BI tools (intelligence)
Meaningful data
In Database
Everything
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Database Examples

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Components of a Database System

SAP
Amazon portal site

MS Access
MySQL

repository

Our project includes

Database application and Database!!
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Components of a Database System

with SQL

Bridge between users and DBMS

(Embedded SQL)
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Applications, the DBMS, and SQL

Applications are the computer programs that users work
with.
- SAP, Web site .
The Database Management System (DBMS) creates,
processes, and administers databases.
- DBMS: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle
Structured Query Language (SQL) is an internationally
recognized standard database language that is used by all
commercial DBMSs.
- but a little bit different according to organizations

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Database Applications

Form (for input)

Report

SQL editor

Application (made by MS Access)

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Database ApplicationsForms

Users can access DBMS and database through application.

It includes embedded SQL.
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Database ApplicationsQueries
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

LastName, FirstName, EmailAddress

STUDENT
StudentNumber > 2;

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DatabaseReports

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The DBMS
DBMS functions (modules)

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The Database
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated tables.
- data/relationship
- tables => keys (PK, FK)
- field, row => relationship
The tables are called integrated because they store data
about the relationships between the rows of data.
- all instances are combined.
A database is called self-describing because it stores a
description of itself.
The self-describing data is called metadata, which is data
about data.

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The Key Characteristic of

Databases: Related Tables

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Typical Metadata Tables

Composite key
They display
relationship and data format.

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Database Contents

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Personal Database Systems:

Microsoft Access

MS Access is a database application itself.

You need to understand mechanism above.

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Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access is a low-end product intended for individual
users and small workgroups.
Microsoft Access tries to hide much of the underlying
database technology from the user.
- We may not use SQL to manipulate database.
A good strategy for beginners, but not for database
professionals.
- not strong compared to other DBMS
NOTE: Microsoft Access 2013 is discussed in detail in
Appendix A.

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What Is Microsoft Access?

Microsoft Access is a DBMS plus an application generator:
The DBMS creates, processes, and administers Microsoft
Access databases.
The application generator includes query, form, and report
components.
The Microsoft Access DBMS engine is called the Access
Data Engine (ADE).
Microsoft Access 2000 thru 2010 can be used as an
application generator for the Microsoft SQL Server DBMS.
- You may create a form for SQL Server DBMS.

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Enterprise-Class Database
Systems
SAP

Amazon

MySQL
Oracle
MS SQL Server

Google

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Storage
in Server
computer

Prominent DBMS Products

Microsoft Access 2013
Microsoft SQL Server 2012
Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Express
Oracle Corporation Oracle Database 11g
Release 2
MySQL 5.6
IBM DB2
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DBMS Power vs. Ease of Use

Stronger
Powerful
Complicated
Difficult

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Three Types of Database Design

Data from others
(normalization)
new Database
ER model
new Database
Other database
(migration)
redesign Database

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Database Design from Existing Data

Extract data

(using normalization)

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Data Import: One or Two Tables?

PK
This is an important
decision, and based on
a set of rules known as
normalization (which is
covered in Chapter 3).

PK

In order to make database optimal to find data,

we use normalization during database design.
Normalization: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, BCNF (5th, 6th, )

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FK

Database Design from New

Systems Development
MS Access
Or
Application development tool

ER model
(PK, FK )

Tables
(fields, records)

Normalization

Entity-Relationship data modeling is covered in Chapter 5, and data model

transformations to database designs are covered in Chapter 6.
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Database Design from Database

Redesign
Database redesign is
covered in Chapter 8,
after coverage of SQL in
Chapter 7.

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What You Need To Learn

You should be familiar with SQL.

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Knowledge Priorities

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A Brief History of
Database
Processing
I

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A Brief History of
Database
Processing
II

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The Relational Database Model

The dominant database model is the relational database
modelall current major DBMS products are based on it.
- ER (Entity Relationship) model

It was created by IBM engineer E. F. Codd in 1970.

It was based on mathematics called relational algebra.
This text examines and explains the relational database
model.
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David Kroenke and David Auer

Database Processing
(13th Edition)
Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation

End of Presentation:
Chapter One

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

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