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INTEGRATION
Integration
Introduction to Integration
Basic Rules of Integration
Integration by Substitution
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area Between Two Curves
Antiderivative
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an
interval I if
F ( x) f ( x)
for all x in I.
Ex. F ( x) 3x 2 2 is an antiderivative of
f ( x) 6 x Since F ( x) f ( x).
Theorem
Let G be an antiderivative of f. Every
antiderivative F of f must be of the form
F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a constant.
Notice
F ( x) 3 x 2 2, G ( x) 3 x 2 5, and H ( x) 3 x 2
are all antiderivatives of f ( x) 6 x.
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx
Integral sign
Integrand
Indefinite
integral
Basic Rules
Rule (k constant, n 1)
kdx kx C
n 1
x
x dx
C
n 1
n
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx
f g dx fdx gdx
Example
5dx 5x C
4
x
x dx
C
4
2 x dx 2 x dx
3
1
dx
xdx
1
dx
Basic Rules
e x dx e x C
1
dx dx ln x C
x
2
3e 2 x 6 dx
x
1
x
2
3 e dx 7 dx 2 x dx 6dx
x
2 3
x
3e 7 ln x x 6 x C
3
Differential Equation
A differential equation is an equation that
involves the derivative or differential of an
unknown function. A solution of a
differential equation is any function that
satisfies the equation.
Initial Value
To
find a function F that satisfies the differential equation
Problem
f ( x) g ( x) and one or more initial conditions.
f ( x )dx
2 x 3 4 x 1 dx
1 4
x 2x2 x C
2
1 4
5 f (2) 2 2 2 2 2 C
2
1 4
f ( x) x 2 x 2 x 3
2
Gives C = 3
(y
2 y 3 y )dy
4
x
(
1
2
x
)dx
2.
x 2x 1
dx
3.
4
x
5
1
; f (4) 2
4. Find f (x), given f ' ( x)
x
Integration by
Method
of integration related to chain rule
Substitution
differentiation.
Start with g ( f ( x)) f ( x) dx
If u f ( x) we get:
g (u ) du g (u ) C
5 dx
u du
C
10
Sub to get
Integrate
x3 5
10
Back Substitute
Steps:
Integration by
Substitution
Ex. Evaluate
x 5 x 2 7 dx
1 1/ 2
x 5 x 7 dx
u du
10
2
Pick u,
compute du
Sub in
3/ 2
1 u
C
10 3 / 2
5x
7
15
Integrate
3/ 2
Sub in
Ex. Evaluate
dx
x ln x 3
1
Let u ln x then du dx
x
dx
x ln x 3
u 3du
2
C
2
2
ln x
C
2
4.
3
x
(
x
5
)
dx
x
e
2
5x
1
x
20
x 1 dx
3
dx
e
dx
2
x
y f ( x)
x
y f ( x)
y f ( x)
ba
Width: x
(n rect.)
n
Midpoints
y f ( x)
Example
Approximate the area under the graph of
f ( x) 2 x
on 0, 2
midpoints
using n = 4; midpoints
5
7
f f
4
4
1 1 9 25 49
21
A
2 8 8 8
8
4
y f ( x)
a
b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.
a
b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area, A is
A lim f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ... f ( xn ) x
n
Definite Integral
Let f be defined on [a, b]. If
lim f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ... f ( xn ) x
f ( x)dx
Geometric Interpretation
If f is nonnegative and continuous on [a, b],
b
then
f ( x)dx
y f ( x)
x
Integrability of a
Function
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then f is integrable on
[a, b]; that is,
f ( x)dx exists.
Geometric Interpretation
y f ( x)
R1
a
f ( x)dx
R3
R2
Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then
0 2x dx
2
1 4
1 4 1 4
2 x dx x
2 0
2 0
2
2
3
Antiderivative
Fund. Thm. of
Calculus
8 sq. units
Ex. Evaluate 2 x 1 dx
x
5
1
2
2 x 1 dx x ln x x 1
x
2
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 26.39056
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
b
f ( x)dx 0
f ( x)dx f ( x) dx
b
b
cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx
a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
(c is a constant)
b
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a
a c b
1/ 2
let u x 2 3 x
then du 2 x 3 dx
2 x 3 x 3 x
2
1/ 2
Notice limits
change
4
dx u1/ 2 du
0
2 3/ 2
u
3
0
16
Exercises
Evaluate the given definite integral.
4
1.
1
dx
x
2
2. 3 dx
x
5
1
x
dx
x
ex 1
5.
0 e x dx
1 3 y y dy
2
4.
3.
Average Value of a
Function
If f is integrable on [a, b], then the average value of
f over [a, b] is
1 b
f ( x)dx
ba a
1 9 3/ 2
1 2x
x dx
0
90
9 5
5/ 2
2 5/ 2
54
45
5
(0 t 12)
f ( x) g ( x) dx
b
provided that f ( x) g ( x) on a, b .
y f ( x)
y g ( x)
R
a
x 2 1 x 3 dx
2
x
x 2 dx
x
x
2x
3 2
1
3
2 4
3
1 1
2
3 2
15
y x 6, y x , x 0 and x 2.
2
1
2. y x , y x, x 9
2