CRITICI

SM

Current Trends

Psychoanalytical
Issues
Treatment Manuals
Two person vs. One
person model

Treatment
Manuals
Provides a way to make
psychoanalysis more popular and
comprehensible to those not directly
familiar with it.
Allows psychoanalysts to specify what
they do and how they do it.
As treatment manuals become more
available, access to what many
consider to be complex and
sometimes arcane model will become
more readily available.

Oneperson
Psycholo
gy

Emphasizes
the
psychology
of the
patient.

Twoperson
Psychol
ogy
Focuses on

how the
patient and
therapist
influence
each other.

Using Psychoanalysis with

Other Theories
Psychodyna
mic

The idea that feelings,

unconscious motives, or drives
unconsciously influence peoples
behavior and that defense
mechanism is used to reduce
tension.

Psychoanal
ytic

The belief that there are

significant stages of development
as well as important mental
functions or structures such as
ego, id, superego.

 Analytically Informal Therapy or

Gelo
Counseling
and
Those practitioners who make use of
Fretz
many of the concepts presented but
do not
rely on analytic
treatment
Some
practitioners
use behavioral,
methods and/or
such asperson-centered
free association and
cognitive,
interpretation
techniques
while understanding their
patients through the use of a
psychoanalytic model.
Nonpsychoanalytic practitioners borrow
conceptual approaches from
psychoanalysis while psychoanalytic
practitioners borrow intervention
techniques from other theories.

Research
Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic
therapy are so lengthy and
psychoanalytic concepts are so complex
and are based on the hard-to-define
concepts dealing with the unconscious
and
early
childhood
development.
Freud
believed
that research
on
psychoanalytic concepts was not
necessary because of his confidence in
the variety of clinical observations that
he and his colleagues had made in their
work
Whenwith
theypatients.
are taken out of the patienttherapists relationship and subject to
laboratory experiments, the same
phenomena are not being measured
because the artificial experimental
situation changes the behavior.

Gender Issues
Karen Horney
Criticized Freuds concept of penis envy as it showed
that women were inferior to men.

Chodorow
Emphasizes the importance of being open to the
varied fantasies and transference and
countertransference relationships that exist in clienttherapist relationships.

Deutsch (1992)
and Person (1986)

Female patients may be concerned that

male therapists are sexist and cannot
understand them, they may want female
role models, and they previously may have
been able to confide in women.
Some women may prefer a male therapist
because of their interaction with their fathers,
societal beliefs in men as more powerful, and
negative attitudes toward their mothers.
Male patients may prefer male or female
therapists depending on their prior interaction
with their mother or father.
Some male patients, also, may have a societal
expectation that female therapists are more
nurturing than male therapists.
Sometimes patients may also be afraid of an
erotic feeling toward a therapists of the other

Multicultural Issues
Erik Erikson

Jackson and
Greene

Thompson
and Williams

His writings
shows his
interest in
how social and
cultural
factors affect
people of
many cultures
throughout
the life span.

Shows many
ways that
psychoanalyti
c techniques,
such as
transference,
can be applied
to African
American
lesbians.

Discuss how
skin color is
an important
issue to be
dealt with in
psychodynami
c therapy.

Group Therapy
Psychoanalytic practitioners attend to
unconscious determinants of behavior
that are based on early childhood
experience.
Many of the conceptual approaches
to group therapy have taken a drive
ego psychology approach, attending
to repressed sexual and aggressive
drives as they affect the individuals
psychological processes in group
behavior. Group therapy incorporates ideas
from drive, ego, object relations, self
psychology, and relational
psychoanalysis.

Brief individual psychotherapy

also makes use of similar
conceptual frameworks,
however, the techniques used
are more direct and
confrontive, and free
association is often not a part
of this treatment.