CORTEX, SUBCORTEX, dan

MESENCEPHALON
Oleh :
KELOMPOK IA

CORTEX CEREBRI
NEUROANATOMY
The cerebral cortex may be anatomically defined
as the higher order center of the central nervous
system.
It is composed of embyrological divisions, called
lobes (with gyri and sulci) which are functionally
interdependent, though organized and localized
with respect to primary attributes, such as motor,
sensory, emotion, and special senses.
There are intimate associations of these regions
with high order subcortical regions as well as the
brainstem and spinal cord.

Cortical (Pyramidal) Motor Cortex:

This system arises primarily from the
pyramidal cortex (Parietal and Frontal
lobes) and influences the excitability of
spinal motor neurons either mono- or
polysynaptically (via cord interneurons).
However a portion of this derives from the
somatosensory cortex; projections from
these affect sensory transmission (i.e.
they modulate reflex nocioception).

Extrapyramidal Motor Cortex:

This system encompasses a broad and
vast interconnected network of cortical
and subcortical nuclei. Cortical origins are
primarily from the parietal and frontal
lobes, but there are projections with
origins from all cerebral cortices.
Motor control via extrapyramidal nuclei is
via effects on brainstem (diencephalon,
midbrain, pons, medulla), cerebellar and
basal ganglia motor nuclei.

Somatosensory Cortex
Located primarily in the parietal lobe there
are essentially four submodalities of
somatic sensation: pain, thermal, touchpressure and position-kenesia (i.e. limb
position and sense of joint movement).
Somatosensory cortex is highly organized
by input source---and the body regions
capable of the greatest sensitivity occupy
the greatest amount of somatosensory
cortex.

Visual Cortex
The visual cortex of the occipital lobe is
divided into layers which are involved in a
"division of labor ;each receiving visual
input and processing it somewhat
differently, via projections to other cortical
and subcortical regions.
From the primary projection area,
information is relayed to "visual
association areas" located at the borders
of the striate cortex and in the temporal
lobe.

The Limbic System

It actually is a region consisting of the most
medial margins of the frontal, parietal and
temporal lobes. This "lobe" contains the
subcallosal, cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
and the "hippocampal formation",a primitive
cortical derivative
The Limbic System is concerned primarily with
behaviors governed by emotion: fear,
aggression,anger/rage, affection.
The amagdyloid nucleus (see basal ganglia)
also appears to modulate certain responses
such as fear, and dominance. The hippocampus
is associated with reality-context awareness, as
lesions here may result in hallucinations and
psychomotor seizures.

Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are subcortical nuclei
derived from the Telencephalon. They are
concerned with complex aspects of motor
control and consist of two major
divisions: the 1) Corpus Striatum, and 2)
Amagdyloid nuclear complex.
Additionally, there are close relationships
of these with the Substantia nigra and the
Subthalamic region.

KORTEK KESADARAN : Primer Sekunder

TertierSomato Sensoris
Kortek

123 5
7

Kortek
Visual
17 18
19
Kortek
Pendengaran
41 42

KORTEK KESADARAN : Primer Sekunder

Tertier
Kortek
Sensoris
123 5
7

Kortek
Visual
17 18
19
Kortek
Pembauan
28 35 25

Kortek Serebri :
@ Pst. KESADARAN
@ Pst. FUNGSI LUHUR
- Pst.Kognitif
- Pst.Psikomotor
- Pst.Daya ingat
- Pst.Persepsi
5 indera
@ Pst.Afek & Emosi
@ Pst.Kepribadian
@ Pst.Kemauan.

4
Kortek Serebri
Sub Kortek Serebri

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC
Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegic
(UMN) lower extremity upper
extremity
Contralateral paresis of N. VII & N. XII
(UMN)
Aphasia +/ Disartria
Contralateral hemihipesthesis

PYRAMIDAL LESIONS
Weakness or paralysis of specific
movements
No atrophy of muscles
Spasticity (hypertonicity))
Hyperreflexia
Emergence of Babinski sign

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL LESIONS

Parkinsons tremor
Chorea atetosis
Dystonia
Hemibalismus