Fluid Flow

Presented by :
Andri Hidayat
Rahmat Nugraha
Arisa

Budy Arty

1141500067
1141500009
11411 00025

1. Fluid Dynamics

2. Fluid

Fluid dynamics is "the branch of

applied science that is concerned
with the movement of liquids and
gases," according to the American
Heritage Dictionary.
Fluid dynamics is one of two
branches of fluid mechanics,
which is the study of fluids and
how forces affect them.
The other branch is fluid statics,
which deals with fluids at rest.

Fluid is a substance, as a liquid or

gas, that continually deforms
(flows) and changes its shape at a
steady rate when acted upon by a
force tending to change its shape.
In the chemical process industries,
plants most often handle materials
in a fluid state, cause fluids are
more easier to transport from one
place to other place than solids.
The solids-handling requires rather
complicated mechanical
conveyors.

 The size of pipes is

part of the subject of
fluid dynamics.
Fluid dynamics is also
involved in the choice
of pumps and
compressors.
Pumps are used for
pressurizing liquids
and compressors for
gases.

Type of pumps
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Reciprocating pump
Type of Compressors
3. Centrifugal
Compressor
4. Reciprocating
Compressor

3. Pumps
1. Centrifugal Pump
.The most common type of pump used in
the process industries.
.Used for pressurizing only.

2. Reciprocating Pump

.Provides a steady flow without pulsations

of pressure.

. Used for pressurizing and metering the liquid.

.Available in dozens of different materials

(the most common is carbon steel)
.It has a rotating wheel (or a disk) with
vanes on it, called an impeller.
.The impeller impart energy to the liquid so that
the liquid flows.
.Many variations of pump design (depending on
the kind of liquid to be handled such as acids,
alkalis,etc).

. The second largest class of pump used in process plants.

. Provides flow within a pulsations of pressure.

. It can reach a higher pressure than those achieved by
centrifugal pump.
. It consists of pinton moving back and forth in a cylinders .
. The liquid flows caused by a stoke given by the piston that
moving .
.

The speed of the pump and stroke of the piston are both
adjustable (called The Proportioning Pump).

Centrifugal Pump

Reciprocating Pump

4. Compresssor
Used for pressurizing gases.
Gases move in a pipe or duct
whenever the inlet pressure is higher
than the outlet pressure.
Pressurization can be given by fans or
compressors.
Fans are used for low pressures.

5. Type of Compressors
Such as pumps, compressors have two type
of designs.
It is called Centrifugal Compressors and
Reciprocating Compressors.
The principle of both types are very familiar
to the principle of both type of pumps, but the
centrifugal compressors are more
complicated in actual design.

In the design and selection of both pumps and

compressors, the density and viscosity of the fluid to be
moved are of particular importance. The density of any
material is the mass of a sample divided by its volume. It
is usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter or
pounds per cubic foot.
Viscosity is somewhat more difficult to define without
mathematical expressions, but it can generally be
considered as resistance to flow. The higher viscosity that
materials have, more difficult those materials to be
moved. For example, Honey has a higher viscosity than
Water. It means that Honey is more difficult to be moved
than Water.

6. Controlling the flow of Liquids

Controlling the flow of liquids in pipes is done by
means of valve. It has two type of valves:

1. ON/OFF Valve
.It can be fully opened (ON)
and fully closed (OFF).
.It can not be used for
throttling (reducing or
slowing down the flow of
liquid).
.Example : Gate Valve

2. Throttling Valve

It can be fully opened, partially opened (or, looking at it

another way, partially closed), or fully closed.

It can be use for throttling (reducing or slowing down the flow

of liquid).

Example : Globe Valve

1. Gate Valve
The most common variety of
valve used in process plants.
Gate valve is usually opened or
closed by turning a handwheel.
Can not be used for throttling
because it is not design fot it.
When the Gate Valve is
opened,the liquid flows like
there is no valve there, and
when the Gate valve is closed,
the liquid can not flow anywhere
else, blocked by the gate.

It has two type of GateValve. It is Nonrising-Stem Gate Valve and

Rising-Stem Gate Valve.

The different of both type is about the stem. It has a rising-stem in

the Rising-Stem Gate Valve and it has no rising-stem in NonrisingStem Gate Valve.

We can easily know that the Gate is open or not by using RisingStem Gate Valve, but we are hard to see that the gate is open or not
in Nonrising-Stem gate Valve. So the Nonrising-stem gate valve
should be painted or marked in some distinctive manner to prevent
confusion.

Nonrising-Stem Valve
Gate

Rising-Stem Valve Gate

Phases of Gate valve

2. Globe Valve
Used for controlling the quantity of liquid that flowing in the
pipe.
To pass through a globe valve, liquid must turn through two
right angles. This causes swirls and eddies in the liquid
stream, which waste energy.
This waste of energy shows up a pressure drop in the
pipeline and increased pumping costs.
Although a Globe Valve can be used for ON/OFF service
without damage to the valve, it is normally restricted to
throttling service because of its energy losses.

Phases of Glove Valve

The other important thing that we need to care about is the choice of
materials for the Valve Trim. Valve Trims are those moving parts that are
made wet by the fluid in the pipe. Valve Trim is frequently made of
material that is harder and more corrosion-resistant than the remainder of
the valve.

As described in the preceding unit on instumentation, some

valves are automatically opened and closed by an instrument
rather than by hand. These control valves are generally a variety
of globe valve, since their most common use is for throttling. A
special and rather complex mechanism is needed to accomplish
automatic control so these valves are much larger and far more
expensive than the common hand-operated varieties.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR

ATTENTION!