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Impact of On-Street Parking on
Traffic Flow Characteristics
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. M ALI AHMED
PROFESSOR, NIT SILCHAR
PRESENTED BY
DIGANTA BORO
SCHOLAR NO: 13-21-318
M.TECH
T R A N S P O R TATI O N E N G I N E E R I N G
D E PAR T M E N T O F C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G
N ATI O N AL I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y, S I L C H AR
Introduction
Parking is an essential component of transportation system.
Every vehicle must park at every destination.
Parking is becoming an important aspect of transportation planning.
Parking is one of the major problems that are created by the increasing road traffic.
Shortages of parking space, complaints about high parking tariffs and congestion
due to visitors in search for a parking place are only a few examples of everyday
parking problems.
Many cities and urban areas recognize these problems, but the solution proves to be
very complicated.
In most of the older cities in India, mainly in CBDs, the parking provision was not
taken into consideration for designing the transportation system and therefore it
fails to provide adequate parking space to the present need. Also the vehicular
population has been increased abruptly in the present scenario.
As the parking demand could not be satisfied, the vehicle are parked on the side of
the street affecting the smooth flow of traffic, congestion, accidents etc.
Need for Parking Studies

Study says a typical automobile is parked 23 hours each day
and uses several parking spaces each week.

It is an impact to the transport development.
Shortage of parking spaces and unregulated on-street parking
has direct or indirect impact on the traffic flow as well as
social cost and economic development.
Important data regarding the parking capacity and uses of
parking is absent in most of the cities which makes it difficult
to understand the real problem and develop effective policies.
Thus it is felt to study the existing parking problem and its
effect on traffic flow.
Key concerns relating to parking problems

Growth in number of vehicles
Need for effective public transport
Coordinate operational urban planning
Creation of parking infrastructure to meet
considerable demand in dense areas.

Enforcement of parking restrictions
Problems associated with Parking

Congestion
Accident
Environment pollution
Obstruction to the traffic flow.
Foot paths and side walks have been encroached
leading to reduction of space for pedestrain.

Safety
Loss of revenue
Quality of life
Photographs
Study Area Silchar City

Silchar city is the economic
gateway to the state of Mizoram

and part of Manipur and situated
420 kilometer south east of
Guwahati.
Silchar is district headquarter of
Cachar district.
Population density of Silchar City
is about 459 per sq. Km.

It is a centre for trade and
commerce, educational and sociocultural activities in Barrak Valley

region as well as for Assam.
Yearly increase of on road motor vehicle in Cachar District
Selection of study locations within Silchar city and its present issues
relating to parking
The locations selected were
Rangirkahri area, Goldighi Mall

area and Ambikapatty area which
faces critical traffic jam and
congestion on day to day basis.
Unregulated road side parking by
vehicle users.
Mixed mode of traffic.
Insufficient parking space to meet
the demand.
Also, the road geometry is not
sufficient enough to allow the
present traffic load.
Scopes and Objectives

Scopes:
i. To formulate the Parking
Index of the Study locations.
ii.
To find the Impact of OnStreet Parking on Traffic

Flow Characteristics
iii. To provide strategic
planning for the betterment

of parking facility.
Objectives:
i. To study the existing road
network and parking lots for
various types of vehicle.
ii.
To study the existing parking

condition by License Plate
Survey to understand the actual
parking scenario and its
location.
iii. To study the existing traffic flow
characteristics by video-graphic
survey and spot speed study
Literature Survey
Parking Statistics & License Plate Method of Survey (Dr. Tom V Mathew,
IIT Bombay)
Parking Study on Main Corridor in Major Urban Centre (T. SUBRAMANI,
IJMER, Vol. 2, Issue.3, May-June 2012)
Parking Demand and Supply (Final Report, Feb 25, the TRANSPO Group,
Inc. 1999)
Parking Demand Analysis (MTA Metro North Railroad, North White Plains
Section Feb 2005, Gannet Fleming)
Parking Demand Study (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd. Nov 2002)
Behavioural Characteristics of Car Parking Demand: A case study of
Kolkata (Sandip Chakrabarti and Taraknath Mazumdar, Institute of Town
Planner, India Journal 7-4, 01-11, October December 2010)
A Parking Search Model (Russell G. Thompson and Anthony J. Richardson,
Nov 1996 revised)
Highway Engineering Text Book (Khanna & Justo)
Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning, L.R. Kadiyali.
Policy Paper for Parking in the Bangalore Metropolitan Region,
Directorate of Urban Land Transport, Bangalore, 2008.
Economic Survey Assam 2013-14, Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Assam Planning and Development Department, Govt. of Assam.
"An efficient k-means clustering algorithm" Pattern Recognition letters
Research Methodology
Survey and Data Collection

1.
Traffic Volume count by Video-graph
2.
License Plate survey
3.
Parking Inventory
4.
Spot speed by using Radar Gun
PCU Value as per IRC 86:1983

No. Category
Vehicles included
Equivalency factor
Car
Car, Jeep, Van
1.0
Bus
Bus
3.0
Truck
Truck
3.0
LCV
Mini Bus, Large Van, Tractor
1.0
Three Wheelers
Auto-Rickshaw
1.0
Two Wheelers
Scooter, Motorbike
0.5
Cycle
Bicycle
0.5
Rickshaw
Pedal rickshaw, carts
1.5
Traffic Compositions at Study Locations
Traffic Composition at Rangirkhari Area (in %)
Traffic Composition at Ambikapatty Area (in%)
Traffic Composition at Goldighi Mall Area (in %)
Hourly Variation in Traffic Volume count at Study Locations
Parking Accumulations Graph at Rangirkhari Area for five

normal working days
Parking Accumulations Graph at Goldighi Mall Area for five

normal working days
Parking Accumulations Graph at Ambikapatty NS Avenue

Area for five normal working days
Existing Road Condition at Study Locations
Sl.
no.
Name of the road
Physical
Carriageway condition of
No. of lane
width (m)
road
Nahata point to
Prematala
Single lane
Ambikapatty point
- NS Avenue
Double
lane
Rangirkhari point
towards NIT
Double
lane
5.5
7.5
5.5, 5.5
Shoulder
Physical
condition of
shoulder
Paved
1.2m
used as
footpath for
pedestrian
Paved
1m on both
sides
unpaved
Paved
1m on left side
& with parking
space on right
side
unpaved
Parking Space Estimation at Study Location

Sl. No.
Location
Total Length of
Obstruction/
Total Car Space
the area
Restriction
available
Rangirkhari point
350 meter
40 meter
116
Goldighi Mall Premtala
200 meter
47 meter
60
200 meter
60 meter
50
area
3
Ambikapatty point NS
Avenue area
Evaluation of Parking Index
Parking Index(PI) = (Parking Accumulation or

load/Parking Capacity) x 100
Parking Accumulation = No. of Vehicles parked at a
given instant of time

Parking Capacity is the maximum number of space
available for parking.
Parking Index evaluated at Rangirkhari

TABLE 5.5 : Parking Index at Rangirkhari point
Day 1
Day 2
Total
Total
Time
Parking
PI
Parking
PI
Day 3
Total
Parking
PI
Day 4
Total
Parking
Day 5
PI
Total
Parking
PI
09:00 - 10:00
85
70
96
80
98
81
89
74
102
85
10:00 - 11:00
109
99
114
95
118
98
110
91
117
97
11:00 - 12:00
116
113
134
111
136
113
132
110
135
112
12:00 - 13:00
132
118
142
118
141
122
140
116
143
119
13:00 - 14:00
140
125
149
124
151
128
147
125
150
125
14:00 - 15:00
147
126
146
122
154
128
146
105
149
124
15:00 - 16:00
137
122
147
123
150
125
126
1.05
132
110
16:00 - 17:00
129
107
130
108
141
117
115
95
125
104
17:00 - 18:00
110
92
107
89
125
104
120
100
108
90
18:00 - 19:00
83
70
84
70
104
86
108
90
101
84
19:00 - 20:00
72
60
76
63
89
74
86
71
82
68
Parking Index at Goldighi Mall Area

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Time
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
09:00 - 10:00
22
31
19
27
31
44
15
21
28
40
10:00 - 11:00
35
50
25
35
37
52
26
37
37
52
11:00 - 12:00
45
64
31
44
43
61
32
45
43
61
12:00 - 13:00
53
75
28
40
56
80
33
47
58
82
13:00 - 14:00
58
82
28
40
54
77
45
64
52
74
14:00 - 15:00
51
72
37
52
52
74
49
70
66
94
15:00 - 16:00
57
81
49
70
62
88
61
87
63
90
16:00 - 17:00
63
90
53
75
70
67
95
73
104
17:00 - 18:00
71
101
71
101
73
104
76
108
74
105
18:00 - 19:00
81
115
91
130
82
117
87
124
76
108
19:00 - 20:00
92
131
92
131
85
121
86
122
78
111
Parking Index at Ambikapatty Area
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Time
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
Total
Parking
PI
09:00 - 10:00
24
48
28
56
20
40
23
46
31
62
10:00 - 11:00
26
52
34
68
26
52
30
60
37
74
11:00 - 12:00
36
72
41
82
38
76
43
86
44
88
12:00 - 13:00
44
88
39
78
42
84
48
96
43
86
13:00 - 14:00
46
92
50
100
50
100
46
92
39
78
14:00 - 15:00
53
106
52
104
54
108
53
106
51
102
15:00 - 16:00
54
108
54
108
63
126
54
108
55
110
16:00 - 17:00
63
126
55
110
64
128
56
112
56
112
17:00 - 18:00
65
130
58
116
54
108
51
102
66
132
18:00 - 19:00
52
104
46
92
50
100
46
92
57
114
19:00 - 20:00
42
84
40
80
43
86
34
68
45
90
K- Means Clustering
It is an algorithm to classify or to group objects based on
attributes/features into k number of group. K is a positive integer

number. The grouping is done by minimizing the sum of squares of
distances between data and the corresponding cluster centroid.
Thus, the purpose of k-means clustering is to classify the data.
It is a typical clustering algorithm for study of pattern because of its
simplicity and speed in execution.

It partitions the data-sets into k-clusters. Each cluster is represented
by cluster center also called as centroid. K-means computes the

squared distance between the inputs (also called as input data
points) and centroid and assign inputs to the nearest centroid.
Method of Clustering
Values of attributes
Name
pattern
of
A1
A2
X1
1.00
1.00
X2
2.00
3.00
X3
3.00
1.00
X4
4.00
4.00
X5
5.00
2.00
Calculation for 1st Iteration:

Distance= (x1, x2)2 - (y1, y2)2
On the basis of above mentioned formulae,
iteration is performed for given data sets.
Distance (x1, x2) = 5
Distance (x1, x3) = 4 = 2
1st Iteration of K-mean

clustering.
Name
pattern
of
A1
A2
(X1, X3)
2.00
X2
2.00
3.00
X4
4.00
4.00
X5
5.00
2 Iteration of K-mean
clustering.
2.00
nd
Name
pattern
of
A1
A2
(X1, X3, X2)
X4
4.00
4.00
X5
5.00
2.00
Typical diagram for k-means clustering method
Data Formulation and Arrangement
Day
1
Time
Vehicle parked on LHS (in
PCU)
Vehicle parked on RHS (in
PCU)
Total Vehicle parked (in
PCU)
9:00
9:15
9:30
9:45
10:00
10:15
10:30
10:45
11:00
11:15
11:30
22
24
28
29
32
30
32
36
34
32
38
40
36
36
35
20
25
29
30
33
38
43
43
45
46
46
47
46
49
52
42
49
57
59
65
68
75
79
79
78
84
87
82
85
87
Parking load factor
0.46
0.53
0.62
0.64
0.71
0.74
0.82
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.91
0.95
0.89
0.92
0.95
Average Spot Speed
24
20
19
23
21
24
22
23
22
25
24
20
23
26
26
12:4
5
13:00
13:15
13:30
13:45
14:00
14:15
14:30
14:45
15:00
15:15
36
36
36
35
35
36
36
37
36
35
37
39
38
36
34
53
54
54
55
55
54
54
55
55
56
53
50
47
46
44
89
90
90
90
90
90
90
92
91
91
90
89
85
82
78
Parking load factor
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.92
0.89
0.85
Average Spot Speed
20
17
21
18
23
20
19
20
23
21
22
24
26
23
19
16:3
0
16:45
17:00
17:15
17:30
17:45
18:00
18:15
18:30
18:45
19:00
32
34
30
30
30
28
28
25
26
25
22
22
18
16
15
43
42
42
41
41
26
25
25
24
23
20
18
18
14
12
75
76
72
71
71
54
53
50
50
48
42
40
36
30
27
Parking load factor
0.82
0.83
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.59
0.58
0.54
0.54
0.52
0.46
0.43
0.39
0.33
0.29
Average Spot Speed
21
22
20
18
18
14
16
15
16
20
20
19
22
23
24
Time
PCU)
PCU)
PCU)
Time
PCU)
PCU)
PCU)
11:45 12:00 12:15 12:30
15:30 15:45 16:00 16:15
19:15 19:30 19:45 20:00
Result and Discussions

Rangirkhari Area:

Goldighi Mall Area

Ambikapatty NS Avenue Area
Conclusions
From the limited study conducted the following conclusions are drawn
As the parking load increase, the traffic flow is also affected as observed from the
above results. The speed is observed to be reduced drastically at Goldighi Mall area &
Ambikapatty point NS Avenue area which shows the critical condition of parking
effects.
In all the three locations, speed of the traffic is found to be less than 30kmph which
brings to conclusive result that there is need of immediate action to be taken for
betterment of the transportation system either in terms of infrastructure, road
geometry or management.
Thus it can be concluded that as parking takes considerable street space leading to
the lowering of the road capacity. Hence, speed is reduced; journey time and delay
will also subsequently increase. Also, careless maneuvering of parking and unparking leads to accidents and unwanted blockage to the traffic flow.
Recommendations
Rangirkhari point: The parking at Rangirkhari is observed to be for maximum throughout the day i.e. from 11:00 am to 5:00
pm. Parking index also observed are more than 100%. Therefore the recommendation can be alternate parking space
requirement. Practically it is also observed that there is no pattern in parking the vehicles, therefore proper parking
management policy need to be implemented such as licensing of parking lot, marking of parking lot, separation of parking
space for different types of vehicle.
Goldighi Mall Area: In this location it is observed that the main congestion of traffic occurs during evening hours when both
the traffic as well as parking load are at their maximum. This is due to the fact that the area consists of various shopping malls
and other recreational places. Pedestrian on road is also more during the evening hour. Therefore it is suggested that during the
evening hour the on-street parking should be strictly banned and fined in case of found parking. Though the lane has been
converted to single way, the road width is very less as per the importance Govt. Point of view some measure should be taken to
increase the road width as in future the vehicle rates and the demand of parking will be high and more complicacy.
Ambikapatty - NS Avenue area: The main reason for traffic congestion seen at this location is due to the intersection.
Road width also affects the traffic flow. Therefore, parking near the intersection should be strictly prohibited. There is
practically no parking space at this location however parking can be provided with parallel parking only.
It is also suggested that parking fee should be levied so as to minimize the dependency of private vehicles as well as careless
parking behaviors. The parking fees can be utilized for improving and maintaining the parking lots.
Improving public transportation system could also minimize the traffic load as well as parking load from the traffic.
Proper management of parking could ease the parking load and also maximize the parking capacity. Suitable measures to be
evaluated and implemented.
References
Parking Statistics & License Plate Method of Survey (Dr. Tom V Mathew, IIT Bombay)
Parking Study on Main Corridor in Major Urban Centre (T. SUBRAMANI, IJMER, Vol. 2, Issue.3, May-June 2012)
Parking Demand and Supply (Final Report, Feb 25, the TRANSPO Group, Inc. 1999)
Parking Demand Analysis (MTA Metro North Railroad, North White Plains Section Feb 2005, Gannet Fleming)
Economic Survey Assam 2013-14, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Assam Planning and Development
Department, Govt. of Assam
Parking Demand Study (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd. Nov 2002)
Behavioural Characteristics of Car Parking Demand: A case study of Kolkata (Sandip Chakrabarti and Taraknath
Mazumdar, Institute of Town Planner, India Journal 7-4, 01-11, October December 2010)
A Parking Search Model (Russell G. Thompson and Anthony J. Richardson, Nov 1996 revised)
Highway Engineering Text Book (Khanna & Justo)
Zalik, Krista Rizman. "An efficient k-means clustering algorithm" Pattern Recognition letters 19.9 (2008):1385-1391.

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Impact of On-Street Parking on

Traffic Flow Characteristics

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Need for Parking Studies

and uses several parking spaces each week.

Key concerns relating to parking problems

considerable demand in dense areas.

Problems associated with Parking

leading to reduction of space for pedestrain.

Study Area Silchar City

gateway to the state of Mizoram

is about 459 per sq. Km.

commerce, educational and sociocultural activities in Barrak Valley

Yearly increase of on road motor vehicle in Cachar District

Rangirkahri area, Goldighi Mall

Scopes and Objectives

To find the Impact of OnStreet Parking on Traffic

iii. To provide strategic

planning for the betterment

To study the existing parking

iii. To study the existing traffic flow

Survey and Data Collection

Traffic Volume count by Video-graph

License Plate survey

Spot speed by using Radar Gun

PCU Value as per IRC 86:1983

Car, Jeep, Van

Mini Bus, Large Van, Tractor

Pedal rickshaw, carts

Traffic Compositions at Study Locations

Traffic Composition at Rangirkhari Area (in %)

Traffic Composition at Ambikapatty Area (in%)

Traffic Composition at Goldighi Mall Area (in %)

Hourly Variation in Traffic Volume count at Study Locations

Parking Accumulations Graph at Rangirkhari Area for five

Parking Accumulations Graph at Goldighi Mall Area for five

Parking Accumulations Graph at Ambikapatty NS Avenue

Existing Road Condition at Study Locations

Name of the road

Parking Space Estimation at Study Location

Total Car Space

Goldighi Mall Premtala

Evaluation of Parking Index

Parking Index(PI) = (Parking Accumulation or

given instant of time

available for parking.

Parking Index evaluated at Rangirkhari

Parking Index at Goldighi Mall Area

Parking Index at Ambikapatty Area

attributes/features into k number of group. K is a positive integer

simplicity and speed in execution.

by cluster center also called as centroid. K-means computes the

Calculation for 1st Iteration:

1st Iteration of K-mean

(X1, X3, X2)

Typical diagram for k-means clustering method

Data Formulation and Arrangement

Parking load factor

Average Spot Speed

Parking load factor

Average Spot Speed

Parking load factor

Average Spot Speed

11:45 12:00 12:15 12:30