Cells

Holt Biology
Chapter 3

SOL BIO.2
The student will investigate and understand the history of
biological concepts. Key concepts include
evidence supporting the cell theory;
scientific explanations of the development of organisms
through time (biological evolution);
evidence supporting the germ theory of infectious
disease;
development of the structural model of DNA; and
the collaborative efforts of scientists, past and present.

SOL BIO.4
The student will investigate and understand
relationships between cell structure and function.
Key concepts include
characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells;
exploring the diversity and variation of
eukaryotes;
similarities between the activities of a single cell
and a whole organism; and
the cell membrane model (diffusion, osmosis,
and active transport).

Thoughts to Ponder:
1.Are cells alive? Why do you think this?
2.Where are cells located in your body?
3.Where do the cells in your body get
energy?
4.How do your cells know what to do?
What directs their functioning?

Objectives

Explain and apply cell theory.

Distiguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Distinguish plant and animal cells
Describe the appearance and function of the major
components of a cell, including: cell membrane,
cytoplasm, and the following membrane-bound
organelles: nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, and vacuole.
Describe the appearance and function of some
subcellular structures, including ribosomes.

Cell Theory
1665-English Scientist: Robert Hooke
Crude microscope to notice cork made of
tiny boxes he called cells
1675-Dutch Scientist: Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
Microscope to view pond watersaw
animacules or tiny animals-plankton

Cell Theory
(based on these three scientists)
1838-German Botanist: Mattias Schleiden
Cells make up all parts of a plant
1839-German Zoologist: Theodor Schwann
Cells make up all parts of animals
1858-German Physician: Rudolph Virchow
Cells come only from other cells

Cell Theory
All living things are made of one or more
cells.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living organisms

Cells: Overview
Most cells are very, very small, so tiny that they
can only be seen with the aid of a microscope.
Your body is composed of billions of cells! Within
your body, cells have different functions. We
have blood cells, skin cells, brain cells...the list
goes on.
Despite their differences, cells in living
organisms for the most part have similar
structures and functions.
Question 1.Have you ever seen a cell? When?
What do you remember about it?

Stop
Review volume section
of metric worksheet

Surface Area to Volume

Animal and Plant Cell parts

cell membrane which serves as a boundary between
the cell and the outside environment
cytoplasm containing organelles
nucleus containing hereditary material (DNA)
mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria), where cellular
respiration takes place (the breakdown of sugars to
produce energy for the cell, a process that uses oxygen
and produces carbon dioxide and water)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum where lipids are made
rough endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are
made with the help of ribosomes

Plants Only
chloroplast which uses light energy to
convert six carbon dioxide molecules into
one organic six-carbon sugar
cell wall outside the cell membrane which
provides additional strength
vacuole, a large organelle containing
water, often with dissolved pigments,
waste materials, or other substances

Blood Cells and Fat Cells

(S.E.M)

Cells killing another cell

Review
(Answer in your notes)
What are the four classes of large organic molecules
found in living things?
Name two inorganic molecules that commonly occur
in living things.
Name the 6 most common elements found in living
organisms.

 Carbohydrates/Lipids/Proteins/Nucleic
Acids
Water, Sodium Chloride
H2O, NaCl
CHNOPS: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur

Drawing Cells

Refer to a textbook to draw a simple diagram of an animal cell.

Draw to scale and label the following structures:

Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
Golgi apparatus

Drawing Cells

Refer to a textbook to draw a simple diagram of a plant cell. Draw to scale

and label the following structures:

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosome
Vacuole
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
Golgi apparatus

Homework: Draw both cells and complete the

To Do and answer the question below
Note that drawings can be misleading.
For example, a drawing typically shows one or a
few mitochondria in a cell, but cells actually
contain many mitochondria, sometimes 10,000
or more.
Also, drawings are two-dimensional whereas
cells are three-dimensional.
To Do In your drawings, briefly note the
functions of each organelle.
Question How are plant cells different from
animal cells? In what ways are they similar?

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell

Animal vs. Plant Cell

Create a Venn diagram that shows the
similarities and differences between plant
and animal cells

All Cells Have:

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Write the definitions in your notes, p. 56

SOL Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Investigate and distinguish between eukaryotes and
prokaryotes based on observations of size, presence
of a defined nucleus, and the presence of organelles.

Prokaryotic Cells
(before-kernel or pre-nucleus)

Write definition in your notes p. 57

Do these kinds of cells have a membranebounded organelles, including a nucleus?
Are prokaryotes simple and ancient?
Did prokaryotes evolve before eukaryotes?
Are bacteria prokaryotes?
Are prokaryotes able to live in a variety of
environments?

Prokaryotic Cells
Kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
No membrane-bound organelles
Enzymes and ribosomes move around the
cytoplasm freely
Genetic material is a single, circular strand of
DNA
Have a cell wall around the cell membrane
Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?
How do these cells keep their shape?
Describe prokaryotic flagella

Cell Wall
Write definition in your notes, p. 57
List organisms that also have a cell wall
but are eukaryotic

Eukaryotic
(well-kernel or with nucleus)

Cells with a defined, membrane-bound nucleus

Nucleus
Organelle
Write out definitions in your notes p. 58
Cytoplasm: contains everything inside the cell
membrane but outside the nucleus
List the major organelles seen in Fig. 7

Cytoskeleton

What is the cytoskeleton?

What is it made of?
List some of its functions
List the 3 kinds of cytoskeleton fibers
List the functions of each of these fibers

Cell Membrane
p. 60

Is the cell membrane rigid or fluid?

What is selective permeability?
Define phospholipid
Define lipid bilayer
Draw a cell membrane phospholipid
bilayer and label the polar heads and the
non-polar tails

Cell Membrane Chemistry

What do the non-polar lipid tails repel?
What do these tails allow to pass?
How do membrane proteins stay in the bilayer?
(p. 61)
Can proteins move around in the membrane?
Name 4 kinds of proteins that are found in cell
membranes and give their functions

Organelle Structure-Function Chart

(SOL answers follow)
Organelle

Animal Plant

Structure

Function

SOL Structure and Function

of Cell Organelles
Relate the following essential cell structures to their
functions:
nucleus (contains DNA, site where RNA is made)
ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
mitochondria (site of cell respiration)
chloroplast (site of photosynthesis)
endoplasmic reticulum (transports materials through the
cell)
Golgi apparatus (cell products packaged for export)
lysosomes (contain digestive enzymes)
cell wall (provides support)

Plasma Membrane
A lipid/protein/
carbohydrate complex,
providing a barrier and
containing transport and
signalling systems.

Nucleus

Double membrane
surrounding the
chromosomes and the
nucleolus. Pores allow
specific communication
with the cytoplasm. The
nucleolus is a site for
synthesis of RNA making
up the ribosome

Mitochondria
Surrounded by a
double membrane
with a series of folds
called cristae.
Functions in energy
production through
metabolism. Contains
its own DNA, and is
believed to have
originated as a
captured bacterium.

Chloroplasts (plastids)
Chloroplasts (plastids)
Surrounded by a double
membrane, containing
stacked thylacoid
membranes. Responsible
for photosynthesis, the
trapping of light energy
for the synthesis of
sugars. Contains DNA,
and like mitochondria is
believed to have
originated as a captured
bacterium.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(RER)

A network of interconnected
membranes forming channels
within the cell. Covered with
ribosomes (causing the
"rough" appearance) which are
in the process of synthesizing
proteins for secretion or
localization in membranes.
Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex
responsible for protein
synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(SER)
A network of
interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell. A
site for synthesis and
metabolism of lipids. Also
contains enzymes for
detoxifying chemicals
including drugs and
pesticides.

Golgi apparatus

A series of stacked
membranes. Vesicles (small
membrane surrounded bags)
carry materials from the RER
to the Golgi apparatus.
Vesicles move between the
stacks while the proteins are
"processed" to a mature form.
Vesicles then carry newly
formed membrane and
secreted proteins to their final
destinations including
secretion or membrane
localization.

Lysosymes
A membrane bound
organelle that is
responsible for
degrading proteins
and membranes in
the cell, and also
helps degrade
materials ingested by
the cell.

Vacuoles
Membrane
surrounded "bags"
that contain water and
storage materials in
plants.

Peroxisomes or Microbodies
Produce and degrade
hydrogen peroxide, a
toxic compound that
can be produced
during metabolism

Cell wall
Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to
their cell membranes.