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Asynchronous Serial

Communications
Protocols and TX Limitations

Asynchronous Vs Synchronous
Synchronous requires a multitude of lines
while asynchronous requires much fewer.
Synchronous needs a clock which is usually
transmitted on a separate line. This limits the
distance and speed because of clock skew.
Asynchronous does utilize a transmitted
clock, however proper synchronization
needs to be implemented some other way.
So, it requires a more complex protocol.

Serial
Transmission

Serial data formats for the transmission of data,


including RS232, RS422, RS423, and RS485 find
many uses within data communications and
networking. Although serial formats are not as fast
as parallel formats, they are often more suitable
because the cables require less constituent wires
and as a result they are much cheaper and more
flexible than their parallel equivalents. This enables
them to be used for longer cable runs and in areas
where thicker cables would not be applicable.

Serial Transmission History


The first of the RS standards was RS232, or more
correctly RS-232. This was developed in 1962 when
the need for forms of transmitting data from modems
attached telephone lines to remote communications
equipments became apparent.
The 'RS' stands for Recommended Standard,
although later these standards were formally adopted
by the EIA / TIA in the USA. The EIA is the Electrical
Industries Association and the TIA is the
Telecommunications Industries Association.

RS-232 Summary

Cabling - single ended


Number of devices - one transmit and one receive
Communication mode - full duplex
Maximum distance - 50 feet at 19.2 kbps
Maximum data rate - 19.2 kbps at 50 feet
Signaling mode - unbalanced
Mark (1) - -5 to -15 V
Space (0) - +5 to +15 V
Output current capability - 500 mA
Note: For more info on balanced and unbalanced signaling,
check:
http://www.monstercable.com/RobertHarley/ch11_p07.asp

RS-422 Summary
Cabling - differential
Number of devices - five transmitters and ten
receivers
Communication mode - full duplex / half duplex
Maximum distance - 4000 feet at 100 kbps
Maximum data rate - 10 Mbps at 50 feet
Signaling mode - balanced
Mark (1) - 2 V to 6 V max. (B>A)
Space (0) - 2 V to 6 V max. (A>B)
Output current capability - 150 mA
Note: For more info on single ended and differential
cabling, check:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signaling

RS-485 Summary
Cabling - differential
Number of devices - 32 transmitters and 32
receivers
Communication mode - half duplex
Maximum distance - 4000 feet at 100 kbps
Maximum data rate - 10 Mbps at 50 feet
Signalling - balanced
Mark (1) - 1.5 V to 5 V max. (B>A)
Space (0) - 1.5 V to 5 V max. (A>B)
Output current capability - 250 mA

Serial Communications Parameters


Serial communication requires that you specify
the following four parameters:

The baud rate of the transmission


The number of data bits encoding a character
The sense of the optional parity bit
The number of stop bits

RS-232 Character Frame

RS-232 Typical Connections

Bit Rate, Baud Rate


Bit rate defines the rate at which information
flows across a data link
Baud rate defines the switching speed of a
signal (i.e., the Baud rate indicates how often
a signal changes state)
Suppose a data transmission system uses
signals with 16 possible discrete levels. Each
signal element can have one of 16 = 2 4
different values; that is a signal element
encodes 4 bits. If the 16-level signals are
transmitted at 1,200 Baud, the data rate is 4
x 1,200 = 4,800 bps.

Framing Error
Framing error occurs when
the byte structure is
conflictive with the expected
If the bit found when the stop
bit is expected does not look
like a stop bit (it is low
instead of high), there is a
frame error. Framing error is
very common when the
BAUD rate is different
between both parts.

Real Hardware Effects


Rise time

50 KHz Transmitted Signal

Fall time

The relationship between channel capacity


and bandwidth
Nyquist formula applies if there is no noise
C= 2B log2(K), Where:
C is the Channel capacity in bps
B is the BW in Hertz
K is the number of signal (often voltage) levels

Shannon-Hartley law applies in the presense of


thermal noise.
C=B log2(1+SNR)
where SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio, the ratio
between the signal power and the noise power level.
Note that SNRdB = 10 log10(SNR)

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