BIOLOGY TEST 2 REVIEW

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SKIN COLOR DEPENDS ON

_____________.

Melanin production

WHAT DOES NERVOUS TISSUE DO?

Send electrical signals

throughout the body

LIST THE THREE LAYERS OF SKIN

FROM OUTER TO INNER.

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous Layer

WHAT KIND OF TISSUE IS THE

EPIDERMIS MOSTLY MADE UP OF?

Epithelial

WHAT KIND OF TISSUE IS THE

DERMIS MOSTLY MADE UP OF?

Connective

WHAT IS THE BIGGEST MUSCLE IN

YOUR BODY?

Gluteus Maximus

WHAT DOES SPONGY BONE DO?

Provides lightweight strength.

WHAT KIND OF PROTEIN DO YOU

FIND IN THE DERMIS?

Collagen

WHAT IS THE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

MADE UP OF?

Adipose Tissue / Fat Cells

WHAT ARE THE THREE COMPONENTS

OF THE CELL THEORY?

1. Every living this is made up of

one or more cells
2. The cell is the most basic unit of
life
3. All cells come from preexisting
cells

WHAT ARE THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF

SKIN?

1. Protects by keeping water in and

foreign particles out of your body
2. Nerve endings to allow feeling
3. Body temp regulation
4. Gets rid of waste chemicals

WHAT DO SWEAT GLANDS IN THE

SKIN DO?

Release sweat to cool the body

and remove wastes from the
body.

WHAT IS MELANIN?

A yellow-brown or black
pigment that absorbs UV
radiation from the sun.

WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR CELLS IF WE

DONT HAVE ENOUGH MELANIN AND GET
TOO MUCH UV RADIATION?

The DNA can get damaged

which leads to cancer and/or
wrinkles.

WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STEROIDS

USED FOR?

To grow lots of muscle very

quickly.

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A RESISTANCE

EXERCISE AND AN AEROBIC EXERCISE.

Resistance: Push ups, pull ups,

sit ups, weights. Etc.
Aerobic: Running, walking,
jumping jacks, etc.

WHAT PRODUCES MELANIN?

Melanocytes

WHAT DO OIL GLANDS IN THE SKIN

DO?

Release oil that keeps hair

flexible and waterproofs the
epidermis.

WHAT IS JAUNDICE?

A buildup of bile produced by

the liver that results in yellow
skin/eyes

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF

CELLS?

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

EXPLAIN HOW A SKIN INJURY IS

HEALED?

1. Blood Clot forms

2. White Blood Cells to kill bacteria
3. New cells slowly form, move up,
and replace the old damaged
cells
4. Sometimes left with a scar

WHAT ARE THE THREE FUNCTIONS

OF HAIR?

1. Protects skin from UV light

2. Regulates body temperature
3. Guards openings against
particles and bugs (nose hair)

WHAT IS A TISSUE?

A group of similar cells working

together

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF NAILS?

To protect the tips of your

fingers and toes.

WHAT DOES THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

DO?

Helps your body move!

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF

MUSCLE ACTION?

Voluntary (under your control)

or involuntary (not under your
control)

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE TINY

CANALS IN COMPACT BONE?

Haversian Canals

WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE

AND WHERE DO YOU FIND EACH?

1. Cardiac (heart)
2. Smooth (blood vessels and
digestive system)
3. Skeletal (attached to bones)

HOW IS ACNE FORMED?

1. Hormones over produce oil

2. Excess oil combines with
bacteria and dead skin cells
3. This clogs hair follicles and
causes an infection (pimples)

WHICH TYPE OF MUSCLE IS

VOLUNTARY AND STRIATED?

Skeletal

WHICH TYPE OF MUSCLE IS

INVOLUNTARY AND STRIATED?

Cardiac

WHICH TYPE OF MUSCLE IS

INVOLUNTARY AND NOT STRIATED?

Smooth

WHAT ARE THE THREE DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN A PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL?

Plants have
1. A large central vacuole
2. A cell wall
3. Chloroplasts

WHAT DOES A FLEXOR DO?

Bends a part of your body

WHAT IS THE LUNULA?

The white base of the nail right

above the nail root

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A MUSCLE PAIR AND

IDENTIFY THE FLEXOR & EXTENSOR.

Bicep (flexor) & Tricep

(Extensor)
Hamstring (Flexor) &
Quadricep (Extensor)

WHERE DOES HAIR FORM?

At the bottom of a tiny sac

called a hair follicle.

THE STRENGTH OF A MUSCLE

CONTRACTION DEPENDS ON WHAT?

The number of muscle fibers

contracting.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

SMOOTH ER AND ROUGH ER?

The Rough ER has ribosomes

and the Smooth ER does not.

WHAT IS A MUSCLE FIBER?

A muscle cell with lots of

nuclei.

WHAT DOES AN EXTENSOR DO?

Straightens part of your body

WHAT IS AN ORGAN SYSTEM?

A group of organs working

together to perform a
particular function.

WHAT DOES RESISTANCE EXERCISE

DO?

Builds muscle mass.

WHAT DOES AEROBIC EXERCISE DO?

Builds cardiovascular strength

and skeletal muscle
endurance.

WHAT IS TENDONITIS?

A hot and inflamed tendon due

to overuse/injury.

WHAT DO VESICLES DO?

They pinch off of the golgi

body and transport materials
within the cell

WHERE DO YOU FIND SPONGY BONE?

The epiphyses

WHAT KIND OF PROTEIN DO YOU

FIND IN THE EPIDERMIS?

Keratin

WHAT IS A MUSCLE STRAIN?

A pulled muscle due to

overstretching or tearing.

WHAT DOES THE ERECTOR PILI

MUSCLE DO?

It attaches to hairs in your

body. When they contract, it
causes the hairs to stand up
and trap in heat.

WHAT DOES THE GOLGI BODY DO?

Sorts and packages proteins

from the rough ER for
transport throughout the cell

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

Processes that keep the inside

of the body nearly the same all
of the time.
EX: Temperature regulation

WHO DISCOVERED CELLS?

Robert Hooke

WHERE WOULD YOU FIND A HINGE

JOINT?

Elbow, Toes, Fingers, and Knee

WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF

ANABOLIC STEROIDS?

Heart, liver, and kidney

damage.
High blood pressure and bone
growth defects.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR SHAPES OF

BONES?

Short, Long, Flat, and Irregular

WHERE DOES CELLULAR

RESPIRATION OCCUR?

In the mitochondria

WHERE ARE BLOOD VESSELS

LOCATED IN THE BONE?

Haversian Canals

WHAT DOES MUSCLE TISSUE DO?

Contract and relax to produce

movement

WHERE DO NAILS FORM?

Nail roots (located under the

skin at the base and sides of
the nail)

WHAT DOES THE MITOCHONDRIA

DO?

This is where food is converted

into ATP (energy used by the
cell)

WHAT HORMONE DO ANABOLIC

STEROIDS MIMIC?

Testosterone

WHAT DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

DO?

Sends and receives electrical

messages throughout the body.
Works with the endocrine system
to regulate homeostasis.

WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM DO?

Regulates body functions by

glands sending out chemical
messengers.

WHAT DO OSTEOBLASTS DO?

They build bone lay down

minerals

WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF

TISSUE?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

WHAT DOES THE VACUOLE DO?

Temporarily stores materials

such as water and nutrients

WHAT DOES EPITHELIAL TISSUE DO?

Protects tissues beneath

WHICH SYSTEM REMOVES WASTE FROM

THE BLOOD AND REGULATES THE BODYS
FLUIDS?

The Urinary System

WHAT IS THE OUTER COVERING OF

BONE CALLED?

Periosteum

WHAT IS THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

RESPONSIBLE FOR?

Moving bones.

BONE MARROW IS A SOFT ________.

Tissue

WHAT DO LYSOSOMES DO?

They break down nutrients for

use by the cell and recycle
wastes.

DESCRIBE HOW THE CONCENTRATIONS OF

RED AND YELLOW MARROW CHANGE WITH
AGE.

A younger person has a lot of

red marrow, and as they get
older they have less red and
more yellow marrow.

WHICH SYSTEM PROVIDES SUPPORT

AND PROTECTION?

The Skeletal System

WHAT DOES THE FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DO?

Produces eggs, and

nourishes/shelters an unborn
baby.

WHAT DO RIBOSOMES DO AND WHAT

TWO LOCATIONS DO YOU FIND THEM?

Ribosomes assemble proteins.

You find them attached to the
RER or floating in the cytosol.

WHAT IS CARTILAGE AND WHAT

DOES IT DO?

A tissue found in joints that

cushions the space between
two bones

DESCRIBE HOW BONES GROW FROM

A BABY TO AN ADULT.

A babys bone is made of

mostly cartilage, an adults
bone only has cartilage left on
the epiphyses.

WHAT ARE OSTEOCYTES?

Bone Cells

WHAT IS A JOINT?

The place where two bones

meet.

WHICH PARTS OF YOUR BODY NEVER

TURN INTO BONE BUT STAY CARTILAGE?

Tip of your nose and ears.

WHERE WOULD YOU FIND A BALL

AND SOCKET JOINT?

Hip and Shoulder

WHERE WOULD YOU FIND A GLIDING

JOINT?

Carpals (Wrist) and Tarsals

(Ankle)

WHAT DOES THE ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM DO?

It is folded interconnected
membranes that transport
materials throughout the cell

WHAT ARE LIGAMENTS?

Bands of connective tissue

found in joints that connect
one bone to another

WHAT ARE TENDONS?

Bands of connective tissue

found in joints that connect
one bone to a muscle

WHAT IS ARTHRITIS?

When the cartilage in joints

wears down

WHAT IS OSTEOPOROSIS?

When the bones become weak

and break easily

WHAT ARE THE THREE GROUPS OF

BONES IN YOUR HAND/WRIST?

Carpals, Metacarpals, and

Phalanges

WHAT DO OSTEOCLASTS DO?

They break down bone

remove minerals

WHICH BONE CONNECTS TO THE HUMERUS

AND THE CARPALS ON THE THUMB SIDE?

Radius

WHICH CELL TYPE DOES NOT

CONTAIN A NUCLEUS?

Prokaryotic

WHAT ARE THE MAIN STRUCTURES

OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM?

Bones, Ligaments, Joints, and

Tendons

WHICH BONE CONNECTS TO THE HUMERUS

AND THE CARPALS ON THE PINKY SIDE?

Ulna

WHAT DOES CONNECTIVE TISSUE

DO?

Contract and relax to produce

movement

WHAT DOES THE NUCLEOLUS DO?

It is found inside the nucleus

and makes ribosomes

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF BONE

MARROW AND WHAT DO THEY DO?

Yellow: Store fat

Red: Make red blood cells

WHICH SYSTEM INCLUDES HAIR,

SKIN, AND NAILS?

The Integumentary System

WHERE MIGHT YOU FIND A

FIXED/IMMOVEABLE JOINT?

In your skull/cranium

WHICH SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

BODY IMMUNITY?

The Lymphatic System

WHICH SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

RETURNING LEAKED FLUIDS TO BLOOD
VESSELS?

The Lymphatic System

WHICH SYSTEM IS INGESTS AND

BREAKS DOWN FOOD?

The Digestive System

WHAT IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF

LIFE?

Cells

WHAT ARE THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF

BONE?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Assist in movement
Red blood cell production
Protection of vital organs
Mineral storage

WHAT IS AN ORGAN?

Two or more tissues working

together to perform a
particular function.

WHICH SYSTEM PUMPS BLOOD

THROUGHOUT THE BODY?

The Cardiovascular System

(Circulatory System)

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

To absorb oxygen and release

carbon dioxide from the body.

WHAT ARE THE THREE GROUPS OF

BONES IN YOUR FOOT/ANKLE?

Tarsals, Metatarsals, and

Phalanges

WHERE DO YOU FIND COMPACT

BONE?

Diaphysis of long bone

WHICH CELL TYPE IS LARGER AND HAS

MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES?

Eukaryotic

WHAT DO LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS

ATTACH TO?

Periosteum

WHAT DOES THE MALE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DO?

Produces and delivers sperm

to fertilize the female egg.