Miscellaneo viruse

us
s

Papova
Parvo
Rubella
Rota
SARS
Slow viruses (Prions)

PAPOVAviruse
s

Papillomavirus &
Polyomavirus

Nonenveloped DNA viruses

Usually cause benign tumours /
asymptomatic infection in natural
hosts malignant tumours inoculate
Produce
when
d
into newborn mice / hamster

Polyomaviruses
Polyomaviruses latent infection in
mice

Produce wide variety of tumours

when inoculated into newborn
mice
First isolated from monkey
cel
kidney
SV40

cultures

Live viral vaccines to be

Oncogenic
in newborn hamsters
manufactured
in cell lines free of SV40

l
onl
y

Human Papilloma
Virus
(HPV)
and feet
Verruca vulgaris
seen on hands
children HPV 1, 2, 3, 4

Condyloma acuminatum

of

soft
moist,
pedunculated
warts on ext. genitalia,
transmitted, may turn malignant- 6, 1
sexually
HPV
1
HPV 6, 11 intraepithelial neoplasia
HPV 16, 18 Ca Cx

Human papilloma virus

Common
warts
type 1-4
HPV s

Papillomaviruses in impaired immunity

JC virus isolated from brain of patient
with
Hodgkins disease and PML

Produces malignant glioma when inoculated

intracerebrally in newborn hamsters
BK virus - isolated from urine of patient
with kidney transplant
Abs
to JC &
BK widelylatencyprevalentreactivated
in adults
infectio
Asymp

t.

n-

when

Parvovirus
Very small single stranded viru
DNA
s
Parvovirus B19

Fifth disease, Erythema infectiosum

Childhood exanthematous fever

Fever, erythematous rash,

lymphadenopathy, arthralgia
Aplastic crisis in children with

Infection
2nd/3rd trimester
haem.
anaemia
during
Detection
of virus in blood early/ Ab
later

Erythema infectiosum-Parvovirus
B19
Slapped cheek
appearance
Typical rash of
erythema infectiosum

Rubella ( German
Measles)
Gregg 1941- congenital
cataract
st trimester congenital
1
Inf. early in pregnancy- fetal death
malformations
Congenital
rubella cardiac defects,
cataract,

deafness

Expanded rubella syndrome- HSM,

Thrombocytopaenic purpura,

myocarditis, bone lesions

Infection later in pregnancy-

Enveloped single stranded RNA

virus
Rubivirus genus in Togaviridae
family
Route: inhalation

post
.

IP: 2-3 wks; rash; disappears in 3

days;
Diagnosis Isolation from blood / throat
cervical lymphadenopathy
swab
Viraemia from 7 days prior to
Serology: IgM / rise in titre by ELISA
rash
Live attenuated vaccine RA27/3 strain
grown in human diploid cell culture

Congenital Rubella

Classical triad

Congenital cataract
Deafness

Cardiac defects

Congenit Rubell
al
a

Viral diarrhea

Important cause of diarrhea in infants & children

Commonest viral agent-Rota virus

Rota-Wheel (latin)

El m/e Rot viru

a
s

Characteristic
appearance
-wheel with radiating
spokes

Rotavirus

Mode of spread
-Feco oral

2-5days
Maximal shedding of virus
occurs after onset of diarrhea
The virus can withstand drying, hence
can
survive on hands, fomites, toys etc.,
Outbreaks-Preschool and daycare centres

Pathogenesis & clinical features

Cytolytic infection of intestinal epithelium

Loss of electrolytes & prevention of reabsorption of

waterdehydration
Clinical features:
Children-Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration
may be fatal in undernourished
children(group
Adults-Asymptomatic, mild diarrhea (group B)

A)

Laboratorydiagnosi
Detection of viral antigen-ELISA
A LA
s
Direct observation-El m/e

Serological studies (epidemiological purpose)

Viral isolation
Mode of control- Hand washing, isolation
- Vaccine on trial

Other viruses causing diarrhea

Adeno virus
Norwalk virus (1972)
Adeno virus 40 & 41(more in summer)
Astro virus (children)
Corona virus

SARS-Severe acute respiratory

syndrome

1 outbreak in Guangdong province of China Nov.2002

st

Feb.2003 Hong Kong,other parts of south east Asia,

Canada, USA etc.,
By July 2003, 30 countries were affected with over 800
deaths.

www.similima.com

20

-The virus was identified as a new Corona virus type 4

(? Due to recombination of some animal & human virus)

The virus has been isolated from wild Civets, Raccoon.

Mode of infection

Inhalation (respiratory droplets)

Fecal aerosols may be infectious
Incubation period 10 days

Clinical features

Fever,cough,dyspnea,occ.diarrhea
3-30% fatality
Death is due to respiratory failure

Control- Strict isolation

Treatment- No specific therapy.

This new causative agent was

identified and early control measures
were initiated by Dr. Carlo Urbani,
who died of SARS within a month.

PRION diseases (Pree..on)

Caused by an
abnormal protein called

PrPsc

It is devoid of nucleic
acid and highly
resistant
Prusiner to chemical
the
and
physical
coined
term agents
these
proteinaceous
PRION
forparticle.
infectious

Stanley Prusiner
Nobel Laureate(1997)

PRION diseases
HUMAN

CJD (Creutzfeldt-

Jacob
disease)

GSS (Gerstmann

straussler-Scheinker)
FFI (Fatal familial
insomnia)
Kuru

ANIMAL
Scrapie
(BSE) Bovine
spongiform
encephalopathy
Transmissible
mink
encephalopathy etc.,

Scrapie

Natural disease
Irritable with
intense pruritis
Finally paralysis and
death

BSE- Mad cow disease

1986-UK
By feeding of scrapie infected
meat
C/f-Loss of motor control,
stagger, dementia, Behavioural
changes

Transmission
Via infected tissue, or syndrome may be

inherited

Infection occurs through

-cuts in skin
-transplantation of contaminated

tissue (cornea)

-use of contd. Medical devices

-potentially by ingestion of infected tissue.

PRION diseases
Pathogenesis
The abnormal Prion protein accumulates in the brain
neuronal damage ensues
spongiform degeneration results

NormalGray matter

Vacuolisation in BSE

CJD
-Progressive dementia
-can occur in
-Sporadic forms
-Inherited forms
-Iatrogenic (foll. corneal transplant etc.,)
-variant CJD affects younger people
-?due to eating of BSE infected meat
-has atypical features (psychiatric symptoms
etc.,)

31

Kuru
Seen

in New Guinea islands

Mainly in women & children

Due to cannibalism
Disease has disappeared
following abolition of
cannibalism

Modes of control
For CJD & GSS
All neurosurgical tools to be disinfected in
5% hypochlorite solution or 2M NaOH
or autoclaving at131oC for 11/2 hrs.

For vCJD
Avoid eating infected meat products

PRION diseases are classified

under
Group B Slow virus diseases
Other slow virus diseases- SSPE (foll.Measles) Group C

Characteristic features of slow virus diseases

Long incubation periods
Cause vacuolation of neurons
Loss of motor control, dementia.
Lack antigenicity & immune
response

Have genetic predisposition

Invariably fatal termination

34

Than
k

yo
u

35