COLUMNS,

CENTRAL LOADS

Submitted by:
(GROUP 6)
Rizalyn Rulona BSME-4
Agapito Torrentira Jr. BSME-4
Rodulfo Templa Jr. BSME-4
Melvin Suello BSME-4

Submitted by:
Engr. Lemuel Epe
Instructor

COLUMNS
Columnis a structural member thatcarries
anaxial compressive load, and thattends to fail
byelastic instabilityorbucklingrather than by
crushing the material.Bucklingorelastic
instabilityis the failure condition in which the shape
of the column is not sufficient enough to hold it
straight under axial compressive load. At the point
of buckling, a radical deflection of the axis of the
column occurs suddenly. Then if the load is not
reduced, the column will collapse. It's obviously that
this kind of failure must be avoided in our machine
elements design.

EULERS FORMULA

If we are to be certain that failure does

not occur, the actual load F on a column
must be less than Fc ; that is, the factor
of safety or design factor N must now be
applied to the F and is thus defined by

EFFECTIVE
LENGTH

Common Types of
Columns

(c)
(d)for
forone
oneend
endfixed,
fixed,the
the
(a)
rounded
(b)for
for fixed
ends ends
other
rounded
other
free

SHORT
COLUMNS
If Le/k is below a certain value for a particular material, the Euler formula
for Fc gives a stress above the yield strength; that is, below this certain
value, the failure may well be a failure of plastic motion. Actually, it is
probably some combination of buckling and plastic action, and designers
usually apply empirical equations in these cases. An equation of J. B.
Johnson (Fc = failing load);

STRAIGHT-LINE
FORMULAS
For Chicago building code:

For NYC building code:

TRANSITION POINT BETWEEN

LONG AND INTERMEDIATE
COLUMNS
The intersection point of two column formulas, as the
Euler and Johnson, is where they both give the same
value of F/A for a particular
;and if they are
tangent, they have a common tangent. The constants
in the Johnson equation are such that the curve is
tangent to the Euler curve and always at
.Thus, if
from each formula is equated, we get an equation
that gives the corresponding value of ;

RADIUS OF GYRATION
For rounded-end or fixed-end columns, the radius of gyration
would be the one corresponding to the least moment of inertia.
The column with pin ends may buckle in one of two direction. It
may bend as indicated by the dotted lines in the upper view; or,
as shown in the lower view. If buckling in the plane in figure (a) is
being considered, the radius of gyration should be with respect to
the axis XX; in the plane of (b), it should be with respect to the
axis YY.

SECANT FORMULA

If one assumes that the load F has an eccentricity e, Fig.

7.4, that the material is elastic and that the deflection is
small, the consequent theoretical equation is the so-called
secant formula. If the limiting load is that corresponding
to sy , we have:

Where, in the second form we have used I = AK2. Since s

is not directly proportional to F in this case, the factor of
safety must be applied only to the force. The design
equation may then be (Fc = NF);

Where the symbols have the usual meanings; c is the

The ASCE indicates that the eccentricity

ratio ec/k2 = 0.25 is good for structural
columns with central load. A value of e
Le/400 is sometimes recommended.

DESIGN OF COLUMNS
If the section is a simple one (circular, annular, square, or
rectangular), k and A may be expressed in terms of a
single dimension, which can be solved for. The Johnson
formula is more frequently applicable to machines. A few
iterations should locate a satisfactory section.
First, compute A = F/se, where se = sy/N is the design
stress for Johnsons equation, because any section of a
particular shape that is subjected to column action must
have a larger area.

EQUIVALENT STRESS FOR

COLUMNS
Since the stress in an axially loaded column at buckling is less
than sy , it is useful to have an equivalent stress se , that
indicates the degree of safety, therefore;
(g)
Where, is equal to the terms in the brackets. To introduce
an equivalent stress into Eulers equation, let N = F c/F = sy /se
and solve for se:

(h)

in the straight-line formula for steel, consider the 16, 000 =

sy/N = se and solve for se:
(i)

Thus, we have a simplified point of view; the

equivalent column stress (but not the actual)
being se = F/A, where is greater than unity
and is given by the bracketed terms of
equations (g), (h), and (i) for the respective
situations.

OTHER COLUMN FORMULAS

The tangent-modulus formula agrees well with experience but is
too awkward to use in design unless one is designing expensively
and close to the limit. Also one finds formulas to fit a particular
shape or a particular material. For example, an equation
recommended for magnesium columns is:

Where C is the number that depends on the compressive yield

strength of the material. For the magnesium alloys in table AT 3,
the values of C are:
AZ 91C, C = 57, 000; AZ 61A, C = 42, 800; AZ 80A, C = 82,
900 psi.
CLOSURE. Buckling of columns occurs at a time when they are in
unstable equilibrium. Residual stresses play a part that has not

Fin:)