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discontinuous in time
In signal processing, we seek to represent f(t) using digital
Digital signals
We replace f(t) with values
Digital Signals
To faithfully represent f(t), we need to think about
1. sampling precision (dynamic range)
2. sampling frequency(# of samples per unit time or distance)
Digital signals
Sampling precision (dynamic range) = Amax/Amin
Expressed in decibel scale
10 log10 [Pmax/Pmin] dB
Recall: (Power) is proportional to (Amplitude)2
e.g., 10 log10 [Amax/Amin] 2 = 20 log10 [Amax/Amin] dB
If a digital scheme measures amplitudes:1 unit=Amin to 1024 units=Amax
Dynamic range = 20 log10 [1024/1] 60 dB
The higher the dynamic range, the more faithful g(t) will be to f(t)
Digital signals
Sampling frequency: # of sampling points per unit time(t)
or distance (x)
Goal: We seek the fewest # of points to faithfully
represent f(t) with g(t).
To estimate, use Nyquist frequency:
fn = sampling frequency
represented by g(t)
Digital signals
Ex.1 We sample our signal every 2 ms => sampling f of
500 samples/second
This means we can preserve frequencies 250 Hz = fn
Ex. 2 Assume 100 Hz signal
If we wish to preserve all f 100 Hz, we must take at least 200
samples/sec
Digital signals
Pitfalls
If sampling f is too low => aliasing
If sampling f is too high=> increases processing time, may
add noise
Digital signals
Aliasing
(a) Faithfully represents
signal
(b) Under-sampling results
in waveform that does not
resemble original and is
much lower in frequency
Digital signals
Schematic way to visualize aliasing
fn = 250 Hz => will preserve all f 250 Hz
What happens to other frequencies? Will be folded into
Nyquist Interval
Digital signals
Some instruments have any-aliasing filters to avoid this
problem and broaden spectrum
Spectral Analysis of
waveforms
Periodic (regular, repeating)
vs
Transient (non-repeating)
Spectral analysis
Fourier analysis: any periodic waveform can be
Fourier transform
=
=
Fourier transform
Fourier transform
examples
Transforms
Why use transforms?
Ex. Diff equation simpler to solve in frequency domain, then
waveforms
Transforms
Some other types of transforms:
f [4,3,2,1] * g [2,0,1]
Method 2
Method 1
m
Yk = i=0 gifk-i
Convolution
Method 3
Cross-correlation is a convolution
Resonant frequencies
Many phenomena have resonant periods
e.g. Buildings (1sec/story)
Dams
Bridges
Sedimentary basins
Glaciers