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Viscosity is a property
that represents the
internal resistance of a
fluid to motion.
The force a flowing
fluid exerts on a body
in the flow direction is
called the drag force,
and the magnitude of
this force depends, in
part, on viscosity.
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Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of the
liquid or the gas.
If the force-flow relation is linear ,the fluid
is Newtonian.
Many fluid under go continuous
deformation with application of shearing
stress. when the deformation occurs ,the
fluid oppose this with a frictional
resistance. This is consistency.
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Viscosity
Viscosity : The property of liquids under
flow conditions which causes them to resist
instantaneous change of shape or
instantaneous rearrangement of their parts
due to internal friction.
Viscosity depends on temperature:
- Viscosity of paraffinic crude increases
rapidly with decreasing temperature.
- Viscosity of naphthenic crude increases
gradually with decreasing temperature.
Viscosity
Consistency of the Newtonian fluids is
called viscosity.
viscosity
The dynamic or absolute viscosity is
obtained as
S
dv
dz
S-shear stress, dv/dz is velocity gradient.
Unit is N-sec/m2
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
It is the ratio of absolute viscosity to density
of the fluid.
in cm2/sec ,or stokes
F/A
u / y du
du
dy
Shear
Stress
Dilatant
Velocity Gradient
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Newtonian Fluids
Water
Oil
Gasoline
Alcohol
Kerosene
Benzene
Glycerine
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
Time-independent Fluids
Pseudoplastic (Blood Plasma, syrups, inks)
Dilatant (Starch in water)
Bingham (catsup, mustard, toothpaste)
Time-dependent Fluids
Electrorheological (behavior changes due to
electric field, particles are present)
Magnetorheological (iron powders in fluid)
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Viscosity
A few examples:
Water = 1.002cP
Ethyl Alcohol = 0.248cP
Mercury = 17cP
Pitch = 1e10cP
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Viscosity
Measured as the number of seconds, at a definite
temperature, required for a standard quantity of oil to flow
through a standard apparatus.
Common viscosity scales: Saybolt Universal, Saybolt Furol,
poises, and kinematic Stokes or centiStokes (cSt).
Saybolt Universal viscosity : measuring of time (s) required
for the 60 cc of oil in a container tube to flow through a
calibrated orifice in the bottom of the tube ( controlled temp.
Viscosity
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Viscosity Measurement
Saybolt Universal Viscometer
Ease of fluid flow
through orifice is an
indication of viscosity
Measurement is not
based on definition of
viscosity
Results are relative, so
a standard sample is
used for calibration
Fast and easy
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Saybolt Viscosity
Saybolt Equations:
(cS) = 0.226t - 195/t, t< 100 SUS
(cS) = 0.220t 135/t, t> 100 SUS
t, amount of time (seconds, SUS, Saybolt
Universal Seconds) it takes for 60 cm3 to flow
through orifice (Saybolt viscometer)
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Viscosity in Centipoise
Water
1 cps
Milk
3 cps
85-140 cps
140-420 cps
420-650 cps
650-900 cps
Castrol Oil
1,000 cps
Karo Syrup
5,000 cps
Honey
10,000 cps
Chocolate
25,000 cps
Ketchup
50,000 cps
Mustard
70,000 cps
Sour Cream
100,000 cps
Peanut Butter
250,000 cps
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http://www.liquidcontrol.com/etoolbox/viscosity.aspx
Viscosity Chart
Temp. F
http://www.klassenhydraulics.com/Reference/viscositychart.htm
Temp. C
Force
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Applications
Molecular weight measurement
Study of molecular shapes of natural and
synthetic polymers.
Viscosity is a direct measurement of fluid
characteristics and behavior when in
motion.
Indirect indication of concentration ,
specific gravity, color, size,shape and
distribution of solids in a slurry.
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Consistency meter
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Consistency meter
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Consistency meter
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