In the Name of

Allah

The
Most
Merciful
and
Compassionate the most gracious
and beneficent, Whose help
and
guidance we always solicit at every
step, at every moment.

Signals and Systems

Title

Course:

Signals & Systems

Instructor:

Haris Masood

Signals and Systems

Grading Criteria
Grading

Criteria followed throughout the semester

is as follows:

Quizzes.10%
Assignments.10%
Projects(MUST)10%
Mid

Terms..20%

Final

Exams. 50%

Signals and Systems

Books

Discrete time signal Processing

Oppenheim & Schafer

Signals and Systems, Oppenheim &

Willsky, Section 1

Signals and Systems, Haykin & Van

Veen, Section 1

Signals and Systems

Rules & Regulations

Consultation Time: Friday (1400hrs to 1530hrs)

Under

any circumstances, Quiz will not be reconducted.

Assignment

submission time and date selection will be

flexible. Once decided, no assignments will be taken
after the due date.
Quizzes

will be taken after every 3 weeks passed i.e. 3 rd

week, 6th week (Before Mid), 9th week, 12th week.
Project

submission is necessary. Make a group of 4

people before 3rd week of semester. Before mid terms, a
project proposal must be finalized.
5

Signals and Systems

Rules & Regulations

Projects and Assignments weightage

are flexible.

E-mail address:
haris.masood@wecuw.edu.pk

Codes

given as homework/Assignments
may be asked to submit via email.

Only

CR is allowed to call me. Calling

time must be before 4pm.

Signals and Systems

Rules & Regulations

Attendance

will be marked within the first five

minutes of every class.

No late attendances will be marked.

Attendance of a class will be marked within

two days of the actual class date

Leaves

sanctioned will only be marked if and

only if there is tutors or HODs signature on it.
Last

but not the least, Behave in class at all

costs. There is a fine line between a JOKE and
MISBEHAVE.
7

Signals and Systems

Outline

What is Signal?

What is System?

Overview of Specific Systems

Examples and Mathematical Representations

Signals and Systems

What is Signal?

Signal is basically a pattern of variation of some

form.

Signals are variables that carry information.

Mathematically, it is a Function of one or more

variables.

Conveys information on the nature of physical

phenomena.

Signals and Systems

What is a Signal?

A signal is a pattern of variation of some form

Signals are variables that carry information

Examples of signal include:

Electrical signals

Acoustic signals

Velocity of a car over time

Video signals

Acoustic pressure (sound) over time

Mechanical signals

Voltages and currents in a circuit

Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time

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/20

Signals and Systems

What is a System?

Systems process input signals to produce output signals

Examples:

A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system

that transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage
(signal) across the capacitor

A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it

into a signal sent to the loud speaker

A communication system is generally composed of three

sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver.
The channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the
transmitted signal which must be processed by the receiver

11
/20

Signals and Systems

How is a System
Represented?

A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal

Input signal
x(t)

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/20

System

Output signal
y(t)

In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio of the output
signal over the input signal

That way, when we multiply the system by the input signal, we

get the output signal

This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks

Signals and Systems

Classifications of Signals

Continuous Time Vs Discrete Time Signals.

Signals and Systems

Continuous Time Vs Discrete Time

Signals

Contains a values for all real numbers

along the time axis.

In contrast to this a discrete time

signal often created by sampling a
continuous signal.

It has a values at equally spaced

intervals along the time axis.

Signals and Systems

Continuous Time Vs Discrete Time

Signals

Signals and Systems

What is system?

An entity that manipulates one or more signals to

accomplish the function, thereby producing a new
signals.

Signals and Systems

Examples and Mathematical

Representations

Consider the simple circuit, the pattern of

variation over time in the source and capacitor
voltages, Vs and vc are examples of signals.

Signals and Systems

Examples and Mathematical

Representations(Continue)

As in the figure the variations over time of the

applied force f and the resulting automobile
velocity v are signals.

Signals and Systems

Examples and Mathematical

Representations(Continue)

Signals are represented mathematically as a

function of one or more independent variables.
-Speech signal can be represented by acoustic
pressure as a function of time.
-Pictures can be represented by brightness as a
function of two spatial variables.

Signals and Systems

Examples and Mathematical

Representations(Continue)

In case of continuous time signals, the

independent variable is continuous, thus these
signals are defined for a continuum of values of
the independent variables.

On the other hand the discrete time signals , the

independent variables takes only the discrete set
of values.

Signals and Systems

Examples and Mathematical

Representations(Continue)

The symbol t is used to denote the continuous

time independent variable and the independent
variable is enclosed in parenthesis (.).

The Symbol n is used to denote the discrete time

independent variable and it is enclosed in
brackets [.].

Signals and Systems

Examples and Mathematical

Representations(Continue)