Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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System
Disorders
Overview
Male Infertility
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Prostate Cancer
Female Infertility
Endometriosis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Ovarian Cysts
Cancer
Breast
Cervical
Uterine
Male Infertility
Can be solely male, solely female, or both
Considered infertile after one year of unprotected
intercourse fails to produce a pregnancy
Male problems include
Changes is sperm or semen
Hormonal abnormalities
Pituitary disorders or testicular problems
Semen analysis
Assess specific characteristics
Number, motility, normality
BPHTreatment
Only small amount require intervention
Surgery when obstruction severe
Prostate Cancer
Common in men older than 50; ranks high as
cause of cancer death
3rd leading cause of death from cancer
Prostate CancerPathophysiology
Stages
Prostate CancerEtiology
Cause not determined
Genetic, environmental, hormonal factors
Prostate CancerTreatment
Surgery and radiation
Risk of impotence or incontinence
When tumor androgen sensitive:
orchiectomy (removal of testes) or
Antitestosterone drug therapy
Female Infertility
Associated w/ hormonal imbalances
Result from altered function of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or
ovaries
Typically after long use of birth control pill
Structural abnormalities
Small or bicornuate uterus
Female Infertility
Broad range of tests avail
General health status checked 1st
Pelvic examinations, ultrasound, CT scans
check for structural abnormalities
Tubal insufflation (gas/pressure
measurement) or hysterosalpingogram (X-ray
w/ contrast material) used to check tubes
Blood tests throughout cycle to check
hormone levels
Normal Laparoscopy
Endometriosis
Presence of endometrial tissue outside uterus
(ectopic)
Found on ovaries, ligaments, colon, sometimes lungs
Endometriosis
Infertility results from
Adhesions pulling uterus out of normal position
Blockage of fallopian tubes
Primary manifestations
Dysmenorrhea
More severe e/ month
Endometriosis
Cause not established
Migration of endometrial tissue up thru tubes to
peritoneal cavity during menstruation, development
from embryonic tissue at other sites, spread thru
blood or lymph, transplantation during surgery (Csection) all possibilities
Treatment
Hormonal suppression of endometrial tissue
Surgical removal of endometrial tissue
Endometriosis
Includes:
Cervicitis (cervix)
Endometritis (uterus)
Salpingitis (fallopian tubes)
Oophoritis (ovaries)
PIDPathophysiology
Usually originates as vaginitis or cervicitis
Often involves several causative bacteria
PID
PIDEtiology
Arise from sexually transmitted diseases
Gonorrhea
Chlamydiosis
PIDTreatment
Aggressive antibiotics
Cefoxitin, doxycycline
Ovarian Cysts
Breast Cancer
Breast CancerEtiology
Major cause of death in women
Incidence continues to increase after age of 20
Strong genetic predisposition
identification of specific genes related to cancer
Advanced signs
Fixed nodule
Dimpling of skin
Discharge from nipple
Change in breast contour
Breast CancerTreatment
Surgery, radiation, chemo
Surgery
Lumpectomy
Preferred; removal of tumor
Mastectomy
Sometimes necessary
Breast CancerTreatment
If responsive to hormones, removal of hormone
stimulation
Premenopausal women: ovaries removed
Postmenopausal women: hormone-blocking agent
Prognosis
Relatively good if nodes not involved
As # nodes increases, prognosis becomes more negative
May recur years later
Longer the period w/o recurrence, better the chances
Cervical CancerPathophysiology
Early changes in cervical epithelial tissue consist of
dysplasia
Mild then becomes severe (takes 10 yrs)
Occurs at junction of columnar cells and squamous cells of
external os of cervix
Cervical CancerPathophysiology
Carcinoma in situ is noninvasive stage
Leads to invasive stage
Invasive has varying characteristics
Protruding nodular mass or ulceration
Eventually all characteristics present in the lesion
Cervical CancerEtiology
Strongly linked to STDs
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Cervical CancerTreatment
Biopsy to confirm diagnosis
Surgery and radiation to treat
5 yr survival rate 100% if carcinoma still in
situ
Prognosis for invasive depends on the extent
of the spread of cancer cells
Uterine CancerPathophysiology
Majority are adenocarcinomas
arise from glandular epithelium
Cancer is slow-growing
May infiltrate uterine wall (thickened area) or may
spread out to endometrial cavity
Eventually tumor mass fills interior of uterus
Expands thru wall into surrounding structures
Uterine CancerPathophysiology
Graded from 1-3
1: indicate well-differentiated cells
3: poorly differentiated cells
Staging
Uterine CancerEtiology
Higher risk if increased estrogen levels
Assoc w/ exogenous estrogen
(postmenopausal women)
Recommended dosage lowered
Oral contraceptives
Infertility
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension increase
risk
Uterine CancerTreatment
Surgery and radiation
Prognosis relatively good
5 yr survival rate 90% if cancer well localized
at time of diagnosis