Lec 2 Laporan Keuangan

ANALISIS BIAYA
Semester Gasal TA 2016 2017

Lec 2 - Laporan Keuangan
The
accounting
process
Economic
activities
Actions
(decision
s)
Accounting links
decision makers with Accounting
economic activities
information
and with the results
of their decisions.
Decision
makers
Operating Environment
Entity B
Entity C
Business Entity A
System Inputs:
Measurable
Transactions
and Events
Entity D
Process and
Summarize
System Outputs:
Financial
Statements
and Reports
Entity E
What Is Accounting
Accounting is the means by which we
measure and describe the results of
economic activities
The Purpose of Accounting
The basic purpose of accounting is to
provide decision makers with
information useful in making
economic decisions.
The Transactions Approach

In recording economic activities, accounting
focuses upon completed transactions, events that:
1) Cause an immediate change in the financial
resources or obligations of the business
2) Can be measured objectively in monetary
terms
External and Internal

Transactions
External transactions involve economic
events between the company and some

outside enterprise or party.
Internal transactions are economic events
that occur entirely within one company
Basic Functions of an
Accounting System
Classify
similar
transactions
into useful
reports.
Types of Accounting
Information
Types
of Accounting Information
Tax
Financial
Managerial
Types of Accounting
Information
Financial accounting General Purpose
Information; refers to information describing the

financial resources, obligations, and activities of an
economic entity
Management accounting involves the development
and interpretation of accounting information intended

specifically to aid management in running the
business.
Tax accounting - the preparation of income tax
returns
a specialized field within accounting
Tax returns, to a great extent, are based upon financial
accounting
Objectives of External Financial

Reporting
The primary external users of financial
information are investors and creditors.
Objectives
of Financial
(Specific)
Reporting
(Specific)
Information about economic resources, claims to
resources, and changes in resources and claims.
Information useful in assessing amount, timing

and uncertainty of future cash flows.
Information useful in making investment and

credit decisions.
(General)
Decision-Making by Internal
Parties
Internal Users
Board of Directors
Chief Executive Officer
Chief Financial Officer
Vice Presidents
Business Unit Managers
Plant Managers
Store Managers
Line Supervisors
Objectives of Managerial
Reporting
Information about decision-making
authority, for decision-making support,
and for evaluating and rewarding
decision-making performance.
Information useful in assessing
both the past performance and future
directions of the enterprise and
information from external and internal
sources.
Information useful to help the

enterprise achieve its goal, objectives
and mission.
Financial vs Management
Accounting
Management
Accounting
Financial
Accounting
Provides
information
Primarily for internal purposes
Primarily for external reporting
Must
conform to
Management instructions and

requirements
Stock Exchange rules

Standard accounting
practices, etc
Reporting
purpose
Info for management actions
a historic record of financial

situation and performance
Time focus
Future orientation
Forecast
Estimates & historic data for mgt.
actions
Past orientation
Use of historic data for historic
evaluation
Perspective
Give detailed analysis of parts of

the entity, products, regions, etc
Provides financial summary of

the organization
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows
The primary
financial
statement
s.
Financial Statements:
A Lens to View Business
Fin
e
R
l
a
nci
g
n
i
t
or
Financial
Statements
Fin
an
cia
lR
ep
ort
ing
A statement
showing the
balances in asset,
liability, and equity
accounts at a
point in time.
Describes where
the enterprise
stands a specific
date
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Depicts the
revenues and
expenses for a
designated period
of time.
Net income (or
net loss) is simply
the difference
between revenues
and expenses.
Income Statement
A statement showing revenues and
expenses for a period of time.

Revenues = Inflows of assets in exchange
for products and services provided to
customers.
Expenses = Outflows or the using up of
assets that result from providing products
and services to customers.
Revenues result
in positive cash
flow.
Expenses result
in negative
cash flow.
Either in the past, present,

or future.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Depicts the
ways cash
has changed
during a
designated
period of
time.
The Concept of the Business

Entity
Vagabond Travel
FastForward
Agency
Consulting
A business
entity is
separate
from the
personal
affairs of its
owner.
A Starting Point: Statement of

Financial Position
FastForward
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2001
Assets
Cash
Supplies
Prepaid Ins.
Equipment
Total assets
Liabilities
3,950
9,720
2,400
26,000
42,070
Accounts payable
Unearned Revenue
Total liabilities
$
$
6,200
3,000
9,200
Equity
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total liabilities and
owners' equity
$ 30,000
2,870
$ 42,070
Exh.
2.19
Exh.
2.19
Assets
FastForward
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2001
Assets
Cash
Supplies
Prepaid Ins.
Equipment
Total assets
Liabilities
3,950
9,720
2,400
26,000
42,070
Assets
Accounts
payable are
$ 6,200
Unearned
Revenue
3,000
economic
Total liabilities
$ 9,200
resources
that are
Equity
owned
Common
Stock by the
$ 30,000
Retained
Earningsand are
2,870
business
to42,070
owners'expected
equity
$
provide positive
Exh.
2.19
Liabilities
FastForward
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2001
Assets
Liabilities
Cash
$ are
3,950
Supplies
debts that9,720
Prepaidrepresent
Ins.
2,400
Equipment
26,000
negative future
cash flows for the
enterprise.
Total assets
42,070
Liabilities
Accounts payable
Unearned Revenue
Total liabilities
$
$
6,200
3,000
9,200
Equity
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
owners' equity
$ 30,000
2,870
$ 42,070
Exh.
2.19
Owners equity
FastForward
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2001
Assets
Cash
Supplies
Prepaid Ins.
Equipment
Liabilities
3,950
9,720
2,400
26,000
Owners equity
represents the
Total
assetsclaim
$ 42,070
owners
to the
assets of the
business.
Accounts payable
Unearned Revenue
Total liabilities
$
$
6,200
3,000
9,200
Equity
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
owners' equity
$ 30,000
2,870
$ 42,070
Owners Equity
Changes in Owners Equity
Exh.
2.19
The Accounting Equation

Assets
Assets
$42,070
$42,070
FastForward
== Liabilities
++ Owners
Equity
Liabilities
Owners
Equity
Balance Sheet
== December
$9,200
$(30,0000+2,870)
2001
$9,200 ++ 31,
$(30,0000+2,870)
Assets
Cash
Supplies
Prepaid Ins.
Equipment
Total assets
Liabilities
3,950
9,720
2,400
26,000
42,070
Accounts payable
Unearned Revenue
Total liabilities
$
$
6,200
3,000
9,200
Equity
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
owners' equity
$ 30,000
2,870
$ 42,070
Income Statement
A statement showing revenues and expenses
for a period of time
Revenues = Inflows of
assets in exchange
for products and
services provided to
customers.
Expenses = Outflows or
the using up of assets
that result from
providing products and
services to customers.

A statement showing the sources and uses
of funds relating to the

Operating
Investing, and
Financing
Activities of a company.
FastForward
For Month Ended December 31, 2001
Cash flows from operating activities:
Cash received from clients
$ 9,100
Cash paid for supplies
(3,520)
Cash paid for insurance
(2,400)
Cash paid for rent & utilities
(1,230)
Cash paid to employee
(1,400)
Net cash provided by operating acitivities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of equipment
$ (26,000)
Net cash used by investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Investment by owner
$ 30,000
Withdrawal by owner
(600)
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net increase in cash
Cash balance, December 1, 2001
Cash balance, December 31, 2001
Exh.
2.19
550
(26,000)
29,400
$ 3,950
$ 3,950
Statement of Retained Earnings

A statement showing additions to (net
income) and deductions from (net loss,

dividends) the Retained Earnings account.
Relationships Among Financial

Statements
Beginning
of period
Time
Balance
Sheet
End of
period
Balance
Sheet
Income Statement
Lets analyze
some transactions
for JJs Lawn
Care Service.
On May 1, 2003, Jill Jones and her family

invested $8,000 in JJs Lawn Care Service
and received 800 shares of stock.
Cash
Total
JJ's Lawn Care Service

Balance Sheet
May 1, 2003
Assets
Owners' Equity
$ 8,000 Capital Stock
$
8,000 Total
8,000
8,000
On May 2, JJs purchased a riding lawn

mower for $2,500 cash.
Balance Sheet
May 2, 2003
Assets
Owners' Equity
Cash
$ 5,500 Capital Stock
$
Tools & Equipment
2,500
Total
8,000 Total
8,000
8,000
On May 8, JJs purchased a $15,000 truck.

JJs paid $2,000 down in cash and issued a
note payable for the remaining $13,000.
Balance Sheet
May 8, 2003
Assets
Liabilities and Owners' Equity
Cash
$ 3,500 Liabilities:
Tools & Equipment
2,500 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
Truck
15,000 Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
Total
$ 21,000 Total
$ 21,000
On May 11, JJs purchased some repair parts

for $300 on account.
Balance Sheet
May 11, 2003
Assets
Cash
Tools & Equipment
2,800 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
Truck
15,000 Accounts Payable
300
Total Liabilities
$ 13,300
Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
Total
$ 21,300 Total
$ 21,300
Jill realized she had purchased more repair parts than

needed.
On May 18, JJs was able to sell half of the repair parts
to ABC Lawns for $150, a price equal to JJs cost. JJs
will receive
the cash within 30 days.
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Tools & Equipment
Truck
Total
Balance Sheet
May 18, 2003
150 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
300
15,000
Total Liabilities
$ 13,300
Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
$ 21,300 Total
$ 21,300
On May 25, ABC Lawns pays JJs $75 as a

partial settlement of its accounts receivable.
Balance Sheet
May 25, 2003
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
75 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
Tools & Equipment
300
Truck
15,000
Total Liabilities
$ 13,300
Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
Total
$ 21,300 Total
$ 21,300
On May 28, JJs pays $150 of its accounts

payable.
Balance Sheet
May 28, 2003
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
75 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
Tools & Equipment
150
Truck
15,000
Total Liabilities
13,150
Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
Total
$ 21,150 Total
$ 21,150
On May 29, JJs recorded lawn care services

provided during May of $750. All clients paid
in cash.
Balance Sheet
May 29, 2003
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
75 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
Tools & Equipment
150
Truck
15,000
Total Liabilities
13,150
Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
Retained Earnings
750
Total
$ 21,900 Total
$ 21,900
On May 31, JJs purchased gasoline for

the lawn mower and the truck for $50
cash.

Balance Sheet
May 31, 2003
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
75 Notes Payable
$ 13,000
Tools & Equipment
150
Truck
15,000
Total Liabilities
13,150
Owners' Equity:
Capital Stock
8,000
Retained Earnings
700
Total
$ 21,850 Total
$ 21,850
Now, lets review how JJs transactions

affected the accounting equation.
May 1
Balances
May 2
Balances
May 8
Balances
May 11
Balances
May 18
Balances
May 25
Balances
May 28
Balances
May 29
Balances
May 31
Balances
Cash
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
(2,500)
$ 5,500
(2,000)
$ 3,500
Assets
Accts.
Tools &
+ Rec. + Equip. +
Truck
Liabilities
+
Owners' Equity
Notes
Accts.
Capital
Retained
= Payable + Pay. + Stock + Earnings
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
$ 2,500
$ 2,500
$ 3,500
$ 3,500
75
$ 3,575
(150)
$ 3,425
750
$ 4,175
(50)
$ 4,125
$ 150
$ 150
(75)
$ 75
$ 75
$ 2,500
300
$ 2,800
(150)
$ 2,650
$ 8,000
$ 15,000
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 13,000
$ 8,000
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 300
$ 300
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 300
$ 8,000
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 8,000
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 300
(150)
$ 150
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
$ 75
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 150
$ 8,000
$ 75
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 150
$ 8,000
750
750
(50)
700
Lets prepare the Income Statement and Statement of Cash Flows

for JJs Lawn Care Service for the month ending May 31, 2003.
May 1
Balances
May 2
Balances
May 8
Balances
May 11
Balances
May 18
Balances
May 25
Balances
May 28
Balances
May 29
Balances
May 31
Balances
Cash
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
(2,500)
$ 5,500
(2,000)
$ 3,500
Assets
Accts.
Tools &
+ Rec. + Equip. +
Truck
Liabilities
+
Owners' Equity
Notes
Accts.
Capital
Retained
= Payable + Pay. + Stock + Earnings
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
These
These transactions
transactions
the
$ impact
15,000
$ 13,000
impact
the
$ 2,500
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
Statement
of
Statement
of Cash
Cash
300
$ 300
$ 2,800
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 300
Flows.
Flows.
(150)
$ 2,500
$ 2,500
$ 3,500
$ 3,500
75
$ 3,575
(150)
$ 3,425
750
$ 4,175
(50)
$ 4,125
$ 150
$ 150
(75)
$ 75
$ 75
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
$ 8,000
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 300
$ 8,000
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 8,000
$ 2,650
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 300
(150)
$ 150
$ 75
$ 2,650
$ 75
$ 2,650
$ 8,000
These
transactions
These
transactions
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 150
$ 8,000
impact
impact the
the Income
Income
$ 15,000
$ 13,000
$ 150
$ 8,000
Statement.
Statement.
$
$
750
750
(50)
700

Income Statement
For the Month Ended May 31, 2003
Sales Revenue
Operating Expense:
Gasoline Expense
Net Income
750
50
700
Investments
Investments by
by and
and payments
payments to
to the
the
owners
owners are
are not
not included
included on
on the
the Income
Income
Statement.
Statement.

Cash received from revenue transactions $
750
Cash paid for expenses
(50)
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
700
Purchase of lawn mower
$ (2,500)
Purchase of truck
(2,000)
Collection for sale of repair parts
75
Payment for repair parts
(150)
(4,575)
Investment by owners
8,000
Increase in cash for month
$ 4,125
Cash balance, May 1, 2003
$ 4,125

750
(50)
$
700
Operating
activities
cash
Operating
activities include
include$the
the
cash
Purchase
of lawn mower
(2,500)
effects
Purchase
of truck of
(2,000)
effects
of revenue
revenue and
and expense
expense
Collection for sale of transactions.
repair parts
75
transactions.
(150)
(4,575)
8,000
$ 4,125
$ 4,125

750
(50)
$
700
$ (2,500)
Purchase of truck
(2,000)
Collection for sale of repair parts
75
(150)
(4,575)
Investing
activities
Investing
activities include
include the
the cash
cash 8,000
Investment
by owners
effects
of
purchasing
and
Increase
in cash
month
$ 4,125
effects
of for
purchasing
and selling
selling assets.
assets.
$ 4,125

750
(50)
$
700
$ (2,500)
Financing
activities include the
cash
Financing
cash
Purchase
of truck activities include the
(2,000)
effects
transactions
Collection
forof
sale
of repair parts with
75
effects
of
transactions
with the
the owners
owners
(150)
and
and creditors.
creditors.
(4,575)
8,000
$ 4,125
$ 4,125

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ANALISIS BIAYA

Semester Gasal TA 2016 2017

The Transactions Approach

External and Internal

events between the company and some

Information; refers to information describing the

and interpretation of accounting information intended

Objectives of External Financial

Information useful in assessing amount, timing

Information useful in making investment and

Information useful to help the

Primarily for internal purposes

Primarily for external reporting

Management instructions and

Stock Exchange rules

Info for management actions

a historic record of financial

Give detailed analysis of parts of

Provides financial summary of

expenses for a period of time.

Either in the past, present,

The Concept of the Business

A Starting Point: Statement of

The Accounting Equation

for a period of time

Statement of Cash Flows

of funds relating to the

Statement of Retained Earnings

income) and deductions from (net loss,

Relationships Among Financial

On May 1, 2003, Jill Jones and her family

JJ's Lawn Care Service

On May 2, JJs purchased a riding lawn

On May 8, JJs purchased a $15,000 truck.

On May 11, JJs purchased some repair parts

Jill realized she had purchased more repair parts than

On May 25, ABC Lawns pays JJs $75 as a

On May 28, JJs pays $150 of its accounts

On May 29, JJs recorded lawn care services

On May 31, JJs purchased gasoline for

JJ's Lawn Care Service

Now, lets review how JJs transactions

Lets prepare the Income Statement and Statement of Cash Flows

JJ's Lawn Care Service

JJ's Lawn Care Service

JJ's Lawn Care Service

JJ's Lawn Care Service

JJ's Lawn Care Service

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