Populasi dan Komunitas

Population Characteristics
Density- # of individuals per
unit of area
Determined by

counts
sample size estimate
indirect indicators
mark-recapture

Dispersion- pattern of spacing

Types:
Random- unpredictable,
patternless spacing (c)
Clumped- patchy aggregation
(a)
Uniform- even spacing (b)

Immigration vs. Emigration

Immigration
Movement into an
area

Emigration
Movement out of
an area

Demography: factors that affect growth &

decline of populations

Birthrate (natality, fecundity)- # of offspring produced

Death rate (mortality)
Age structure- relative number of individuals of each age
Survivorship curve- plot of numbers still alive at each age

Types of Survivorship Curves

Type I
Relatively low death rates
until later in life
Ex: humans

Type II
Constant death rate
throughout lifespan
Ex: lizards

Type III
More death of young
individuals
Ex: Sea turtles

Population Growth Models

Exponential model (blue)
idealized population in
an unlimited
environment (J-curve)
r-selected species (r=per
capita growth rate)
Logistic model (red)
carrying capacity (K):
maximum population
size that a particular
environment can support
(S-curve)
K-selected species

Life History Strategies

r-selected
(opportunistic)
Short maturation &
lifespan
Many (small)
offspring; usually 1
(early) reproduction;
no parental care
High death rate

K-selected
(equilibrial)
Long maturation &
lifespan
Few (large) offspring;
usually several (late)
reproductions;
extensive parental care
Low death rate

Population Limiting Factors

Density-dependent factors

competition
predation
stress/crowding
waste accumulation

Density-independent factors
weather/climate
periodic disturbances

Community Ecology
Community
an assemblage of
populations living
close enough
together for
potential
interaction

Community Structure
Richness (number of species) &
abundance
Species diversity
Hypotheses:
Individualistic- chance assemblage
with similar abiotic requirements
Interactive- assemblage locked into
association by mandatory biotic
interactions

Interactions
Interspecificinteractions between
populations of
different species
within a community:
Predation
Includes herbivory and
parasitism

Competition
Commensalism
Mutualism

Predation Defense
Cryptic (camouflage) coloration
Aposematic (warning) coloration
Mimicry- superficial resemblance
to another species
Batesian- palatable/ harmless
species mimics an unpalatable/
harmful model
Mullerian- 2 or more unpalatable,
aposematically colored species
resemble each other

Competition: a closer look

Interference- actual fighting
over resources
Exploitative- consumption
or use of similar resources
Competitive Exclusion
Principle- 2 species with
similar needs for the same
limiting resources cannot
coexist in the same place
Gause experiment

The Niche
Ecological niche- the sum total
of an organisms use of biotic
and abiotic resources in its
environment; its ecological
role
Fundamental- the set of resources a
population is theoretically capable
of using under ideal conditions
Realized- the resources a population
actually uses

2 species cannot coexist in a

community if their niches are
identical

Competition Evidence
Resource partitioning sympatric species
consume slightly
different foods or use
other resources in
slightly different ways

Character
displacement Allopatric species are
similar
Sympatric species show
morphological
differences

Species Richness and Diversity

Richness
Total number of
different species

Relative
Abundance
Proportion each
species represents
of the total
individuals

Trophic Structure
Transfer of food
energy through a
community
About 10% of the
energy can be
transferred from one
level to the next

Food Chain- linear

feeding relationship
Food Web- shows all
the possible feeding
relationships

Arctic Food Web

Special Species
Dominant Species
Most abundant

Keystone Species
Strong control on
community structure
Not necessarily most
abundant

Foundation Species
Cause physiological
changes to
community

Succession
Ecological successiontransition in species
composition over ecological
time
Primary
begun in lifeless area; no soil,
perhaps volcanic activity or
retreating glacier

Secondary
an existing community has been
cleared by some disturbance that
leaves the soil intact