Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 39

Sensors

Quiz #2
5_atmosphere.ppt
6_spectralsigs.ppt
7_sensors.ppt
Sections 1.5 1.8 from Primary text
Sections 2.1 2.6 from Primary text
L&K2 reading

Sensors
So far we have discussed the nature and

properties of electromagnetic radiation


Sensors - gather and process information
detect and measure photons.

Most air/space sensors are spectroradiometers


The term spectroradiometer is reserved for sensors

that collect the dispersed radiation in bands rather


than discrete wavelengths.
Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of

wavelength

All sensors reside on a platform

Ground based sensors are


used to compare with info
collected by satellite
sensors.

Sensor Technology
EMR is reflected or emitted from

target, through atmosphere,


monitored by sensor.
Sensors measure photons.
Critical component - the detector.

Photoelectric effect (Albert Einstein)


The release of electrons that occurs when electromagnetic
radiation comes in contact with a metal.

Photoelectric effect
EMR
Plat
e

electrons
Signal

Photoelectric effect (Albert


Einstein)
Emission of electrons when a negatively

charged plate of light-sensitive material


is subjected to a beam of photons.
Electrons flow from plate, collected, and

counted as a signal.
Magnitude of electric current is

proportional to light intensity.

In 20th century physics two ideas stand


out as being totally revolutionary:
Relativity and quantum theory.
Although Einstein is best known for his theory of

relativity, he also played a major role in


developing quantum theory.
His contribution to quantum theory - explaining

the photoelectric effect


Nobel Prize in 1921.

Theory of relativity
A theory developed by Albert Einstein which says
that the way that anything except light moves
through time and space depends on the position
and movement of someone who is watching
Quantum theory
A theory in physics based on the principle that
matter and energy have the properties of both
particles and waves, created to explain the
radiation of energy from a blackbody, the
photoelectric effect, and the Bohr theory, and now
used to account for a wide range of physical
phenomena, including the existence of discrete
packets of energy and matter, the uncertainty
principle, and the exclusion principle.

Radiometer is a general term for any

instrument that quantitatively


measures EMR.
Most sensors are spectroradiometers.
radiation collected in narrow spectral

bands.
Prism or diffraction grating - breaks

radiation into discrete wavelengths.

SENSOR SYSTEMS

Platforms - Ground based ,Airborne ,

Satellite

Sensor Types

Passive, active
Imaging,

nonimaging

Passive Sensors
Photographic
spectroradiometers
Passive microwave systems

Visible, infrared, and thermal imaging systems

Active Sensors - Radar, Lidar

photoelectric effect
The emission of electrons from a material,

such as a metal, as a result of being struck


by photons. Some substances, such as
selenium, are particularly susceptible to
this effect. The photoelectric effect is used
in photoelectric and solar cells to create an
electric potential.

Two classes of sensors


Passive - radiation received comes

from external source, Sun.


Active - energy generated from

within sensor system, beamed


outward, and fraction returned is
measured.

Passive Sensors
Sun provides source of energy
reflected (vis, near IR)
absorbed and re-emitted (thermal IR)
Passive sensors can only be used to detect

energy when the sun is illuminating the Earth.


thermal infrared - detected day or night.

Active sensors

sensor emits radiation which is directed

toward target.
radiation reflected from target is detected

and measured by sensor.

Active sensors
Advantage
measurements anytime, regardless of time of

day or season.
can be used for examining wavelengths not

sufficiently provided by the sun, such as


microwaves.
Pengukuran kapan saja, terlepas dari waktu hari

atau musim.
Dapat digunakan untuk memeriksa panjang
gelombang yang tidak cukup disediakan oleh
matahari, seperti microwave.

Sensors can be
non-imaging - measures radiation and reports result as electrical

signal

imaging - electrons released are used to excite or ionize a

substance like silver (Ag) in film or to drive an image producing


device like a TV or computer monitor.
non-imaging - mengukur radiasi dan laporan hasil sebagai sinyal listrik

pencitraan - elektron dirilis digunakan untuk merangsang atau


mengionisasi zat seperti perak (Ag) dalam film atau untuk menggerakkan
sebuah perangkat gambar memproduksi seperti monitor TV atau
komputer.

Orbits
path followed by a satellite
orbits are matched to the objective

of the sensor(s) they carry.

geostationary orbits
Satellites at very high altitudes
views same portion of Earth's

surface at all times


revolves at speed which matches rotation of

Earth
observes and collects information

continuously over specific areas


weather & communications satellites

near-polar orbits
north-south
covers most of Earth's surface over a

period of time.
sun-synchronous
covers each area at the same time of day

consistent illumination conditions


important factor for monitoring changes between images

or for mosaicking adjacent images together


Most satellite platforms today are in near-polar orbits
kondisi pencahayaan yang konsisten

faktor penting untuk memantau perubahan antara gambar atau untuk mosaicing gambar
yang berdekatan bersama-sama
Kebanyakan platform satelit saat ini di orbit dekat-kutub

Swath
Area imaged on the ground
Imaging swaths for different

sensors vary from tens and


hundreds of km wide.
Pencitraan petak untuk variasi
sensor yang berbeda dari
puluhan dan ratusan km lebar.

Earth is rotating (from west to east).


satellite swath covers new area with

each consecutive pass.


Allows complete coverage of Earth's

surface.

Scanning
Cross Track - oscillating mirror sweeps

along a line that is long (km) narrow (m)


Whiskbroom

Along Track mode - line of detectors

stacked side by side.

Pushbroom scanning

4 types of
resolution
1. Spatial Resolution

The detail discernible in an image is

dependent on the spatial resolution


of the sensor.

Spatial Resolution
Pixel size of satellite images
High spatial resolution: 0.5 - 4 m

Medium spatial resolution: 4 - 30 m


Low spatial resolution: 30 - > 1000 m
Landsat spatial resolution = 30m

2. Temporal Resolution
Specifies the revisiting frequency of a satellite

sensor for a specific location.


High temporal resolution: < 24 hours - 3 days

Medium temporal resolution: 4 - 16 days


Low temporal resolution: > 16 days
Landsat = 16 days

3. Spectral Resolution
Number and position of bands in the electromagnetic

spectrum that the sensor measures.


Jumlah dan posisi band dalam spektrum

elektromagnetik berdasarkan tindakan sensor.


High spectral resolution: - 220 bands

Medium spectral resolution: 3 - 15 bands


Low spectral resolution: - 3 bands
Landsat = 7 bands

3. Spectral Resolution

4. Radiometric Resolution
The actual information content in an image.
The sensitivity of the sensor to the magnitude of

electromagnetic energy determines the


radiometric resolution
refers to the smallest change in intensity level

that can be detected by the sensing system.

4. Radiometric Resolution
In a digital image, the radiometric resolution is

limited by the number of discrete levels used to


digitize the continuous intensity value.
Digital Number (DN) - each pixel has a

discrete value made by converting the


analog signal to digital values of whole
numbers over a finite range.
Landsat system range is 28, 0 to 255

Landsat Thematic Mapper


7 channel sensor mounted on the Landsat platform
sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit
altitude 705 km.
16 day repeat coverage
30 m ground resolution across a swath of 185 km
except for thermal data -120 m ground resolution.

7 Bands - Landsat

Landsat Thematic Mapper


Bands
BLUE (0.45-0.52 m): water body penetration,

coastal water mapping, soil/vegetation


discrimination, forest type mapping, cultural feature
identification.
GREEN (0.52-0.60 m): green reflectance peak of

veg. for discrimination and vigor assessment,


cultural feature identification.

Landsat Thematic Mapper


RED (0.63-0.69 m): chlorophyll absorption region

aiding in plant species differentiation, cultural feature


identification.
NEAR INFRARED (0.76-0.90 m): determining

vegetation types, vigor, and biomass content,


delineating water bodies, soil moisture
discrimination.

Landsat Thematic Mapper


MID-INFRARED (1.55-1.75 m): vegetation

moisture content and soil moisture, differentiation of


snow from clouds.
MID-INFRARED (2.08-2.35 m): discrimination of

mineral and rock types, vegetation moisture content.


THERMAL INFRARED (10.4-12.5 m): vegetation

stress analysis, soil moisture discrimination, and


thermal mapping applications.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi