II.

Neutron
There are 3 kinds of neuron :
Sensory neurons (afferent) : take impulses from the body
receptors to the CNS
Motor neurons (efferent) : take impulse away from the CNS
and to the muscles and glands
Interneurons (glial cells) : are actually in the CNS (in the brain
and spinal cord)

II. Neutron
Neuron has 3 basic parts:
Cell body (soma) : nucleus and cytoplasm (t bo cht)
Dendrites (nhnh ) finger- like projections of cytoplasm of
cell body. They receive information
Axon extension of cytoplasm . They transmit impulse away
from the cell body.

Reflex
Reflex(phn x) action of body response to the
stimulus
Reflex may be inborn or learned( acquired)
Reflexes occur over neutral pathways called reflex arc
that direct route from a sensory neutron, to interneuron,
to an effector

5 components of a reflex Arc

Sensory receptor senses
something
Sensory neutron sends
signal to CNS
Interneuron registers
signal
Motor neutron sends
response back
Effector carries out the
action

Type of Reflexes
Somatic reflexes
Include all reflexes that
stimulate the skeletal
muscle

Autonomic Reflexes
Regulate the activity of
smooth muscle, heart,
and glands, body
functions as digestion,
elimination, blood
pressure and sweating.

Action potential
A nerve impulse = an action potential (th hot ng)
An action potential ~ an electrochemical event with rapid
change polarity

Resting potential
Polarization: voltage difference of -70mV across a nerve
cell membrane
Sodium pumped out > potassium pumped in
-> negative charge inside the axon of the neutron
Results: excess the positive charge outside membrane
and the negative charge inside membrane.

Depolarization
Na+ gate opens
-> Na+ comes in the cell and
K+ moves out
Membrane becomes
depolarized : +30mV

10

Re-polarization
After the wave of impulse
has moved through Na+
gates: Na+ gate close to stop
inflow
Change in electrical
potential causes K+ open
-> K+ diffuse out the neuron
-> Restore the electrical
condition of resting state
called hyperpolarized

11

Refractory period
Resting potential (-70mV) must be restored before the
neuron fire again.
Na+ are pumped out, K+ are pumped back into the cell
by using ATP energy

12

Action potential in action

No Myelin Sheath
Transmit continuously
Slow speed because of
jumping from area to
other( 5m/s)

Myelin Sheath
Saltatory action
Speed of the nerve
impulse is increased by
jumping from node of
Ranvier to another one
(120m/s)

13

Propagation of the action potential

14

 Giai on mt phn cc:

+ Khi b kch thch th t bo thn kinh hng phn v xut
hin in th hot ng
+ Khi b kch thch tnh thm ca mng thay i cng
Na+ m, Na+ khuch tn ngoi > trong mng =>
Trung ha in tch m bn trong
+ Dn n in th 2 bn mng gim nhanh t -70 mV
n 0 mV
Giai on o cc:
+ Cc ion Na+ mang in dng i vo trong khng
nhng trung ha in tch m bn trong t bo, m
cc ion Na+ cn vo d tha.
+ Lm cho bn trong mang in dng (+35 mV) so vi
bn ngoi mang in tch15m

Vai tr ca bao myelin

N to nn mt vng cch in ngn chn vic pht
cc xung thn kinh ngn gia cc si thn kinh.

Nh c bao myelin m s dn truyn xung ng

thn kinh c nhanh hn.

Bao myelin gip ti to cc si thn kinh ngoi

bin. T bo Schwann gip duy tr mi trng ca si
trc v cc knh ca n, do vy cho php ti lin kt vi
mt th th hay mt cht tc hiu. Si thn kinh trung
ng khng c kh nng ny.

16

 Ti sao c bao myelin th in th truyn theo nhy cc?

V bao myelin ko dn in

17

Nervous system : CNS and PNS

18

Synapse and neurotransmitter

19

Synapse and neurotransmitter

20

Synapse and neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter

Enzyme

Function

Dopamine

Monoamine

Responsible for voluntary

movement and emotions of
pleasure

Serotonin

Monoamine

Regulate temperature
Mood stabilization

Acetylcholine

Cholinesterase

Involved with muscle contraction of

the skeletal muscles

Nor-epinephrine

Fighting !

21

Brain
Facts
Structure
Cerebrum( no)
Brain stem( cung no, thn no)
Cerebellum( tiu no)

22

Facts about the human brain

The main organ of the
humancentral nervous system
The largest brain of all
vertebrates relative to body
size
It weighs about 3.3 lbs. (1.5
kilograms)
It makes up about 2 percent of
a human's body weight
It contains about 86 billion
nerve cells (neurons) the
"gray matter"
It contains billions of nerve
fibers (axons and dendrites)
the "white matter"
23

Structure
.

24

Structure
The brain is composed of the
cerebrum(no), cerebellum(tiu no), and
brainstem( cung no)

Tiu no

25

Tuy
sng

Cerebrum
Thecerebrumis the largest part of
the brain and is composed of right
and left hemispheres. ( bn cu
no)
Covered by a thin layer of gray
tissue called thecerebral cortex
(1.5mm to 5mm). The cerebral
cortex is in turn divided into four
lobes:frontal lobes,parietal
lobes,temporal lobes,
andoccipital lobes.
Functions: interpreting touch,
vision and hearing, as well as
speech, reasoning, emotions,
learning, and fine control of
movement.
26

Cerebral Cortex

27

Four lobes
thy

28

Left brain and right brain

29

Brainstem

30

Brainstem

31

Cerebellum
The cerebellum consists of 2
hemispheres, connected by a
midline structure called the
vermis.
Covered with finely spaced
parallel grooves
Contain several types
ofneurons.
Functions:attention,language,
in regulating fear and pleasure
responses

32

Nervous system diseases

Parkinsons disease
What is Parkinsons Disease(PD) ?
PD is a long term degenerative disorder of the central
nervous system that mainly affects the motor system
The part of brain that is affected is called the basal (hch
nn )ganglia, which functions like the autopilot of your
brain, facilitating subconscious (automatic) movements.

33

Nervous system diseases

Functions of basal ganglia:
Plays an important role in planning and
programming of movement by selecting
and inhibiting specific motor synergies.
Plays an important role in cognitive
processes, including the awareness of
the body orientation in space, ability to
adapt behavior as task requirements
change and motivation

34

Nervous system diseases

What are the brain changes in Parkinsons disease

35

Nervous system diseases

Symptoms: Tremor, slowed movement, rigid muscles,
impaired posture and balance, loss of automatic
movements, speech changes, writing changes.

36

Nervous system diseases

Who get PD and why?
Usually onset is over age of 50, but in occur in people
under 50 in 5 10% of cases.
Men more than women, especially in cases above 60
years of age
Causes: Most people with PD have no specific known
cause but some can be caused by genetic factors,
environmental toxins, herbicides( thuc dit c),
pesticides, fungicides
37

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
(EEG)

38

Computed Tomography
(CT)

39

Magnetic Resonant Imaging

(MRI)

MRI illustration

40

Magnetic Resonant Imaging

(MRI)

Sensitivity to flow (i.e. blood)

Electronic adjustment of imaging
No ionizing radiation
High soft tissue resolution

41

MRI is a non-invasive imaging t

three dimensional detailed anat
use of damaging radiation. It is
detection, diagnosis, and treatm
on sophisticated technology tha
planechange in the direction of the ro
in the water that makes up livin

Parkinson Disease
PD is a clinical diagnosis based on the patients exam
and history
No cure
Control the symptoms

42

How is PD treated
Medication

Carbidopa Levodopa
Carbidopa-levodopa infusion
Dopamine agonists
MAO-B inhibitors

Surgical procedures
Deep brain stimulation.
( kch thch no su)

43

deliver electrical stimulation to target

brain that control movement, blocking
nerve signals that cause tremor and
Before the procedure, a neurosurgeo
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) o
tomography (CT) scanning to identify
the exact target within the brain wher
nerve signals generate the PD sympt

Deep brain stimulation

44