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ISSUE4.0
Objectives
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basic knowledge of CDMA
Chapter 3: CDMA Core Technologies
Chapter 4: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
1st Generation
1980s (analog)
GSM
AMPS
TACS
NMT
OTHERS
2nd Generation
1990s (digital)
Analog to Digital
CDMA
IS95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
3G provides:
Complete integrated service
solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS
3rd Generation
current (digital)
UMTS
WCDMA
Voice to Broadband
CDMA
2000
TDSCDMA
3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal
global coverage
Transmission Techniques
Introduction
CDMA
Power
Tim
e
cy
en
u
eq
Fr
TDMA
Power
Tim
e
FDMA
Power
Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er
Us
er
Tim
eq
Fr
y
nc
e
u
e
qu
e
r
F
y
nc
Introduction
user
user
user
Power
user
user
TDMA
Tim
e
Fre
y
nc
e
qu
Standards for 3G
Introduction
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA
3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
3G system
CWTS
TDD mode
Development of CDMA
Introduction
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
IS95B
115.2kbps
IS95A
9.6kbps
Heavier voice
service capacity ;
1995
1998
Longer period of
standby time
CDMA2000
1X EV
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003
Higher
Higher
Smooth
transit to 3G
9
Block
CDMA
CDMA
Mobile Station
Base Station
Designator
Channel
Channel
Validity
Number
A(10MHz)
Valid
1-311
825.030-834.330
870.030-879.330
B(10MHz)
Valid
356-644
835.680-844.320
880.680-889.320
A(1.5MHz)
Valid
689-694
845.670-845.820
890.670-890.820
B(2.5MHz)
Valid
739-777
847.170-848.310
892.170-893.310
10
Block
CDMA
CDMA
Mobile Station
Base Station
Designator
Channel
Channel
Validity
Number
A(15MHz)
Valid
25-275
1851.250-1863.750
1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz)
Valid
325-375
1866.250-1868.750
1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz)
Valid
425-675
1871.250-1883.750
1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz)
Valid
725-775
1886.250-1888.750
1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz)
Valid
825-875
1891.250-1893.750
1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz)
Valid
925-1175
1896.250-1908.750
1976.250-1988.750
11
Block
CDMA
CDMA
Mobile Station
Base Station
Designator
Channel
Channel
Validity
Number
Valid
146-275
453.625456.850
463.625-466.850
Valid
106-235
452.625-455.850
462.625-465.850
Valid
26-168
450.625-454.175
460.625-464.175
Valid
564-681
412.300-415.225
422.300-425.225
Valid
717-846
416.125-419.350
426.125-429.350
Valid
1070-1229
451.930-455.110
461.930-465.110
Introduction
SMC
MIP HA
PDSN/FA
Um
INTERNET
FWT
A10/A11
Abis
BTS
Abis
Softsite
Optical
Fiber BTS
AAA
V5
RAC6610
LE
V5
Um
E1/STM-1
Abis
LE
BTS
Remote Module
Model
13
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basic knowledge of CDMA
Chapter 3: CDMA Core Technologies
Chapter 4: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
14
Correlation
Basic knowledge of CDMA
+1
-1
+1
(a)
-1
+1
-1
+1
Correlation 0% so the
functions are orthogonal
(b)
15
Orthogonal Function
Basic knowledge of CDMA
Orthogonal
EXAMPLE:
arbitrary
Orthogonal
0000
1010
0101
0101
0101
1111
16
+1
-1
User Input
Orthogonal
Sequence
Tx Data
0110
0110
0110
0110
0110
1001
0110
0110
1001
1001
+1
-1
17
Information recovery
Basic knowledge of CDMA
Rx Data
1001
Correct Function 0110
1111
+1
0110
0110
0000
0110
0110
0000
1001
0110
1111
1
1001
0110
1111
1
-1
Rx Data
Incorrect Function
1001
0101
1100
0110
0101
0011
0110
0101
0011
1001
0101
1100
?
1001
0101
1100
?
18
Sf
information
information
f0
f
The spectrum before spreading
f0
f
The spectrum after spreading
Sf
Sf
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information
f0
f
The spectrum before despreading
information
f0
pulse interference
White noise
19
Signal flow
Basic knowledge of CDMA
Source
coding
Source
decoding
Convolution
Interleaving
&
Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading
Decovolution
deinterleaving
&
Unscrambling De-spreading
Deinterleaving
Modulation
RF
transmission
Demodulation
RF receiving
20
Symbol, Chip:
Processing
Gain:
Forward
direction:
mobile station
Reverse
base station
21
Source Coding
Basic knowledge of CDMA
Vocoder:
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
Characteristics
22
Channel Coding
Basic knowledge of CDMA
Input
(bits)
Output (symbols)
convolution encoder
23
Turbo Code
Basic knowledge of CDMA
The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.
The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits, but
also by the separate Check Bits.
24
Interleaving
Basic knowledge of CDMA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
51 52 53 54 5 56 57 58
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0
1
0
1
1
0
Out
Two
Mask
The
Only
PN
26
Long Code
Basic knowledge of CDMA
The
The
27
Short Code
Basic knowledge of CDMA
PNc
PNb
PNa
Walsh Code
Basic knowledge of CDMA
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Wn Wn
Wn Wn
W1=0
W2=
0
0
W4 =
0
0
0
1
0
1
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 0
Walsh Code
Basic knowledge of CDMA
In
Walsh
For
For
30
W48 =00001111
W02 =00
W28 =00110011
W24 =0011
W01 =0
32
W68 =00111100
W18 =01010101
W14 =0101
W58 =01011010
16
W38 =01100110
8
4
2
W12 =01
W34 =0110
W78 =01101001
( W016 ,W816)
( W416 ,W1216 )
( W216 ,W1416 )
( W616 ,W1416 )
( W116,W916 )
( W516 ,W1316 )
( W316 ,W1116 )
( W716,W1516 )
31
Modulation-QPSK
Basic knowledge of CDMA
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
I
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
Baseband filter
s(t)
A
Q
Baseband filter
Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
.
32
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basic knowledge of CDMA
Chapter 3: CDMA Core Technologies
Chapter 4: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
33
Power Control
Handoff
Diversity and RAKE
34
Near/Far Problem
Power
received
from A.
Power
received
from B.
P()
Total receive
De-spread
P()
P()
Output power
of A
P()
A recover
successful
Output power
of B
P()
B recover
failed
35
A
P()
P()
A decreases
its power
Output power
of A
A recover
successful
B
P()
Output power
of B
P()
P()
De-spread
B recover
36
successful
Interference limit
1 2 3 4 5
P()
De-spread
Total receive
P()
De-spread
Total receive
P()
P()
P()
3
P()
P()
P()
P()
4
P()
P()
5
37
1 2 3 4 5
P()
De-spread
Total receive
P()
P()
P()
P()
P()
38
Result
There
Near Far Problemuser close the BTS will block user far
from the BTS.
Power
in CDMA system.
Rules
of power control
Reverse
power control
Forward
power control
40
BTS
Mobile
BTS
BTS
Transmitting
Power
41
FER Value
Eb/Nt Value
BSC
BTS
Change in Eb/Nt Value
42
43
Compared
Eb/Nt Value
BTS
44
Handoff
CDMA Core Technologies
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred
among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not
synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in
voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does
not effect the user communication.
45
Pilot Set
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset
Active
Set
Candidate
Set
Neighbor
Set
Remaining
Set
46
T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Sector
A
Sector
B
Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Add Threshold
(T_ADD)
DropThreshold
(T_DROP)
47
Comparison Threshold
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Pilot strength
Pilot P0
Pilot P2
T_COMP0.5dB
Pilot P1
T_ADD
t0
t1
t2
48
Pilot 1
T_TDROP
T_ADD
T_DROP
1
Neighbor
Set
2
Candidate
Set
3
Active
Set
TIME
4 5 6
Neighbor
Set
Remaining
Set
49
Soft/Softer Handoff
CDMA Core Technologies
50
Total signal
90
90
Vector combined
51
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE antennas help to overcome the multi-path fading and enhance the
receive performance of the system
52
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basic knowledge of CDMA
Chapter 3: CDMA Core Technologies
Chapter 4: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
53
Pilot
Sync
1 to 7
1
PAGING
F-TCH
REVERSE CHANNELS
R-ACH
R-TCH
Pilot
Sync
1 to 7
1
1 to 7
REVERSE CHANNELS
PAGING
R-ACH
F-FCH
R-FCH
F-SCCH
R-SCCH
1 to 7
54
Forward channel
Reverse channel
Access Channel
55
Forward channel
Reverse channel
Access Channel
Pilot Channel
Pilot channel:
Assist
Handle
The
multi-path searching
W064
57
Sync Channel
The
sync Channel.
The
System time
The
58
Paging Channel
The
System parameters
Access parameters
The
Paging to MS
The
64
W1
64
W2
59
Use
initiate
call
respond
send
to paging
message to system
60
Both
channel functions
Transmit
service data
Transmit
In
Fundamental
Channel
Supplemental
Code Channel(F-SCCH,R-SCCH)
61
F-SCCH,R-SCCH
Only
together.
62
Initialization of the MS
Synchronous
nel
n
a
h
sc
s
e
nel
n
a
Acc
t ch
o
l
i
P
nel
n
a
h
sc
u
o
n
hro
c
nel
n
n
y
a
S
h
gc
n
i
Pag
BTS
63
F-CACH
F-CPCCH
F-PICH
F-PICH
F-TDPICH
F-CCCH F-SYNCH
F-APICH
F-TCH
F-BCH
F-PCH
F-QPCH
F-ATDPICH
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-PC
F-SCCH
subchannel (RC1~2)
F-SCH
(RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in
Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PCH, FSCCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss F-SCH, FQPCH and F-DCCH in the following slides.
64
Forward channel
CDMA Air Interface
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
65
F-QPCH
CDMA Air Interface
It
The
Rapid
66
F-SCH
CDMA Air Interface
67
F-DCCH
CDMA Air Interface
It
Each
Support
5ms frame.
Support
discontinuous transmission.
68
Radio
Spreading Max Data Rate*
Configuration
Rate
(kbps)
1**
2**
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
9.6
14.4
153.6
307.2
230.4
307.2
614.4
460.8
1036.8
Effective FEC
OTD
FEC Encoding Modulation
Code Rate
Allowed
1/2
3/4
1/4
1/2
3/8
1/6
1/3
1/4 or 1/3
1/2or 1/3
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Conv.
Conv
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
BPSK
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
Radio Configuration(RC):
A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission
formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates,
modulation characteristics, and spreading rate.
Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.
** Same as IS95
69
Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse CDMA2000 channel
R-ACH
R-TCH
operation
(RC1~2)
R-EACH
operation
R-CCCH
operation
R-TCH
operation
(RC3~6)
R-FCH
R-PICH
R-PICH
R-PICH
0~7
R-SCCH
R-EACH
R-CCCH
0~1
R-DCCH
0~1
R-FCH
0~2
R-SCH
R-PC
subchannel
70
Reverse
common channel:
Reverse
Dedicated Channel
R-PICH
CDMA Air Interface
The
MUX
Initialization
Tracing
Base
Reverse Channels
CDMA Air Interface
Fundamental
Dedicated
Channel:
Control Channel
Supplemental
RC:
** Same as IS95
Radio Configuration
RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B
RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X
RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x
74
RC Combination Regulation
CDMA Air Interface
RC1
and
RC2
corresponds
respectively to rate set 1 and rate set
2 in IS- 95A/B system.
CDMA2000
Rules:
F-FCH RCs
R-FCH RCs
RC 1
RC 1
RC 2
RC 2
RC 3
RC 3
RC 4
RC 5
RC 4
F-DCCH/SCHRCs
R-DCCH/SCHRCs
RC 3
RC 3
RC 4
RC 5
RC 4
75
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basic knowledge of CDMA
Chapter 3: CDMA Core Technologies
Chapter 4: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
76
Service area
LAC area
Cell
area
Sector
area
77
Parameters Involved
CDMA Number Planning
MIN/IMSI
ESN
SID/NID
LAI
GCI
78
MIN/IMSI
CDMA Number Planning
2 digits
MCC
MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
79
80
ESN
CDMA Number Planning
23......18
17......0
bit
81
SID/NID
CDMA Number Planning
bits. Each
82
PAGING
Format:
MCC+MNC+LAC
For
example, 460030100
83
The
Format:
LAI+CI
CI:
For
84
Review
CDMA Technology
Chips
rate: 1.2288Mcps
Apply
channel
Forward
Improve
channel.
Variable
85
Why CDMA2000?
Increase
The
improved
error-correcting
encoding
86
Why CDMA2000?
Support
Forward
compatibility
Radio-frequency part
87
Summary
Brief
Development
Communication
History
Analog--digital--code division
Technical
of
Mobile
features of CDMA
Technical
features of CDMA2000 1X
88
Questions
What
phone?
What
89
90