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Accuracy & Precision

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Accuracy - Measurement of central tendency

Accuracy is defined as closeness of agreement between


observed values and known reference standard.
Accuracy can be measured by measuring central tendency of
the process.

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Accuracy
There are three popular measures of accuracy: Mean
Mode
Median
The most commonly used measure of accuracy is mean ( simple
arithmetic mean). Hence for the purpose of Six Sigma we confine
our study on Mean only.

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Measurement of accuracy

Mean - it is the arithmetic average of the measurements.


To find the mean, all the measurements X1, X2, X3, , Xn
are added and their sum is divided by the number of
measurements, n. Mathematically it is represented as:-

Mean X =

( X1 + X2 + X3 ++ Xn)
n

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Measurement of dispersion - Precision

Precision is the measure of dispersion between several individual observations


of relevant quality characteristics. Precision describes consistency of the
process. Precision can be measured through :1. Range: Range is the difference between the largest and smallest
measurement in a given set of observations.
2. Standard Deviation: Standard deviation in general terms is a measure of
mean variation of values from the central tendency.
Standard deviation is more reliable method of measuring precision, hence for
the purpose of Six Sigma, we will confine our study on Standard deviation.

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Measurement of precision

Mean Deviation of values from central tendency can also be


used to measure dispersion. However, there is one difficulty
in the use of this measure, that the algebraic sum of all
deviations is zero.
Standard deviation is calculated as root mean square of the
deviations of observations from the mean which henceforth
will be represented by abbreviation SD.

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Calculation of standard deviation


Standard deviation can be calculated by the following
formula :If X1, X2 ,X3Xn are individual observations
And X is the arithmetic mean
Variance, V =

(X12 + X22 +.+Xn2) - n ( X ) 2


(n - 1)

Standard Deviation, SD =

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Example to calculate standard deviation

Calculate standard deviation of 10, 11, 12, 13 , 14


Sl.

X (Square)

10

100

11

121

12

144

13

169

14

196

T otal

60

730

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Calculation of Standard Deviation


60

X=

= 12

(X12 + X22 +.+Xn2) - n ( X )2

Variance, V =

(n - 1)
730 - 5 x (12) 2

(5 - 1)

= 2.5
SD =

2.5

=1.5811

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Picturization of accuracy & precision

Accurate and Precision

Accuracy & precision of a process can


be best explained by using the analogy
of a rifle firing at a target.

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Accuracy and precision

With the center of the target taken to be the true value of the
characteristic being measured and by the rifle shots
representing the measured values, there are four combinations
of accuracy and precision as depicted in the following slides.

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Inaccurate and imprecise

CE

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Accurate and imprecise

CE

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Precise but inaccurate

CE

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Accurate and precise

CE

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Objectives of accuracy & precision

As observed from the Picturization in the preceding slides, the


objective of moving towards world class quality is to
continuously achieve greater consistency of the processes by
aiming for consistently higher levels of accuracy & precision

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