Basics of Vibration and

Vibration Measurement

R P SHUKLA

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Co-Relationship
Predictive
Maintenance

Condition
Monitoring

Vibration
Monitoring
Considered to be one of the most
effective measurements for monitoring
the condition of Rotating Machinery 2

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Why Vibration?
Machine Inherent Characteristic: Language of
the Machines
Inaccuracies More : Vibration More
Mal-function Diagnosis : Frequency Correlation
Protection : Machine, Man, Surrounding

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Vibration Monitoring Cycle

Vibration Monitoring
Repair
Machine

No

Measurement exceeds
alarm limit
Yes

Schedule
Repair

Vibration Analysis

Problem Identification

Increase
Measurement
Interval
Bad/ good
Vibration level
reduction by 50%
MCR 3 to 5 times
Including power
saving

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Condition Monitoring Parameters For

Rotating Machines
1. Performance/ Operation Parameters: Flow,
Pressure, Temperature, Load, Torque, Voltage, Speed,
etc.
2. Lubricating Oil Analysis/ Parameters: Wear-debris,
Oil temperature/ pressure/ viscosity, etc.
3. Thermography, Motor Current Analysis
4. Special techniques like SEE, HFD, SPM,
Sound analysis, etc.
5. Vibration analysis
etc.

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Vibration Concept

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Simple Harmonic Motion

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Simple Harmonic
Motion

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Relationship: Amplitude Parameters

Displacement x (t) = X Sin (2ft)

Velocity v (t) = dx/dt = V Cos (2ft)
Acceleration a (t) = d2x/dt2 = - A Sin (2ft)

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
What is Phase?

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Phase

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Phase

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Phase

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Phase

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Understanding Phase

Summary:
During the 360o shaft revolution, the sensor experiences its
maximum positive force when the shafts heavy spot is 270o
from its initial position (its position when data collection was
initiated by the Tachometer ).
The Phase angle is 270o

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Phase Relationship

Horizontal Beam and Vertical Column

moving together

Both beams vibrating 180o out of

phase

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Measurable Vibration Characteristics:
Simple Harmonic, Periodic, Randomly varying
1. Vibration Amplitude - displacement
velocity
acceleration
2. Vibration frequency
3. Vibration phase

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Units of Amplitude:
Displacement (distance): Microns or mils peak
Microns or mils peak to peak
Velocity (speed): Rate of change of displacement
mm/s or inch/s peak
mm/s or inch/ s RMS
Acceleration : Rate of change of velocity
G peak (G = 9.81 m/s2)
mm/ s2 peak
inch/ s2 peak
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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Units of Frequency:
CPS/ Hz (cycles/ second or Hertz)
CPM (cycles/ min)
RPM (Revolutions/ min)
Orders of running speed (how many times event occurs per shaft
revolution)

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Amplitude parameters relationship (A+ f)

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Transmission of forces from Rotor to Stator
The key to a good approach is the understanding that for
maintenance, we are not actually interested in vibration. We really
want to find out how the condition of the machine is changing.
Changes in forces can be caused by direct changes in the work
process or by changes in the properties of the machine elements.

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

What To Measure ?
Sht. 1

Single degree of freedom System : Resonance : belowdisplacement, at- velocity, above- acceln.
Mechanical Consideration : Rotor Vs Housing
Rotor Related : unbalance, misalignment, surge, cavitation,
worn out bearings/coupling/seals/gears/balancing drumdisc, coupling lock-up, radial & axial rubs,bowed rotor,
improperly assembled rotor, oil whirl/whip,seal whirl,
lubrication related, looseness, resonances,cracked
shaft/blades/vanes.
Housing Related : bearing support, excessive piping forces,
casing/foundation resonances, poor foundation support
(m.f.), poor m/c Installation, thermal casing warpage
sht.1.
Mal-function Diagnosis : Frequency Correlation
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Protection : Machine, Man, Surrounding

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Single Degree of Freedom Model
Forced Vibration with viscous damping:

a) If force F(t) is harmonic

F(t) = F0 Sin t
= kx + c.dx/dt + md2x/dt2
b) If displacement vector
lags force vector by
the solution of the above
equation :
x = X Sin (t - )

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Single Degree of Freedom Model (vectors)

Inertia force + Dumping force +

spring force + impressed force =
0
m 2 X sin (t - ) cX sin (t
+ /2) - kX sin ( t - ) + Fo
sin t = 0
1. The Displacement lags the impressed force by the angle , which can vary
between 0 to 180 deg
2. The spring force is always opposite in direction to the displacement
3. The damping force lags the displacement by 90 deg. and hence is opposite
in direction to the velocity
4. The inertia force is in phase with the displacement and opposite in direction 24
to
the acceleration

Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

What To Measure ?
Sht. 2

Mechanical Impedance :
stiffness/mass/damping. Characteristic of
rotor/bearing & their support. lube oil
p.t.,alignment, preloads, speed, phase lag.
Bearing Consideration : Hydrodynamic,
Rolling element (finite life, high frequency)
Transducer Consideration + Environment +
Frequency + Circuitry (integration Vs
differentiation)

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Variation of response with frequency

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Process Machineries : Transducers type
Sr.
No

Type of machinery

Speed range, rpm

Bearings

Centrifugal compressors vertically

split

Casing to rotor mass

ratio

Sleeve / tilting
pad, etc.

Rolling

Provision for no
contact probe

100000toto30000
13000
10000

20 to 45

Centrifugal compressors horizontally

split

4000 to 8000

10 to 20

Condensing steam turbines main

drivers

4000 to 13000

8 to 25

Centrifugal pumps built to API

standard

1500
1500toto45000
4500

10 to 20

Auxiliary steam turbines; back pressure

type

1500
1500toto45000
4500

4 to 10

HT motor (50 Hz)

300 to 3000

2 to 5

LT motor (50 Hz)

1000 to 3000

2 to 5

Screw compressors (50Hz)

1000 to 3000

8 to 10 (all screws)

Reciprocating compressors (50Hz)

10

Gear boxes special purpose

300 to 750

Cylinder / piston
assy. + covers 8 to
15 Frame
/crankshaft +2/3
con. Rod
6 to 15

1500 to 13000

1.5 to 4.0 (gear +

pinion basis)

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Selection of Vibration Parameters/Transducers

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Non Contact Proximity Probe

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Non Contact Proximity Probe:
Calibration Curve
Eddy

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Velocity Pick up

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Accelerometer, Compression Type

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Measurement Point Identification on Motor

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

Overall Vibration
Frequency, Vibration instruments, Scale Factors
Trending : overall amplitude, phase, spectral
bands.
Standards : ISO 2372, 2373, 3945
IS 4729
BS 4675
VDI 2056, 2059
IRD / SKF/ Inst. Manf. charts
Developed In- house.
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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Amplitude Descriptor

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement

AVERAGE Vs RMS
T
X

average

RMS

= 1
-T

= 1
-T

x(t)

dt

O
T
x2 (t) dt

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Vibration Trend Chart

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Basics of Vibration and Vibration

Measurement
Vibration Severity Chart

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