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PERCENTAGE

Department of Analytical Skills

Content
1) Introduction
i. Why percentage?
ii. Application
2)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Shortcuts
Splitting of values
Decimal values
Fraction values
Interchanging values

3)
i.
ii.
iii.

Percentage increase and decrease


Increase and decrease
Increase and decrease shortcut ( 1/n and 1/n+1 )
Successive increase/decrease ( a + b + ab/100 )

4) Solved problems
5) Practice problems

1)Introduction
1.i) What is Percentage ?
Percentage
per cent (100)
Why percentage?
To convert any base values to 100

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1.ii) Application:
The concept of percentage is applied in many other
important topics like profit and loss, data
interpretation, simple and compound interest etc.
The shortcuts which you are going to learn will be very
useful if it is applied in these topics.

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2) Shortcuts
2.i) Shortcut 1: Splitting of values
a) 20% of 80 = ?
100% of 80 = 80
10% of 80 = 8
20% of 80 = 16
Try 30% of 60
b) 15% of 80 = ?
10% of 80= 8
5% of 80 = 4
15% of 80 = 12
Try 15% of 60
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c) 12% of 80 = ?
10% of 80 = 8
2% of 80 = 1.6
12% of 80 = 9.6
Try 13% of 60
d) 45% of 80 = ?
50% of 80 = 40
5% of 80 = 4
45% of 80 = 36
Try 45% of 60

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1% of 80 = 0.8

e) 18% of 80 = ?
10% of 80 = 8
20% of 80 = 16
2% of 80 = 1.6
18% of 80 = 14.4
Try 27% of 60

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2.ii) Shortcut 2: Decimal


3.555% of 80 = ?
10% of 80 = 8
1% of 80 = 0.8
3% of 80 = 2.4 5% of 80 = 4
0.5% of 80 = 0.4
0.05% of 80 = 0.04
0.005% of 80 = 0.004
3.555% of 80 = 2.844
Try 5.333% of 60

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2.iii) Shortcut 3:
How do you solve 12.5% of 80 = ?
10% + 2% + 0.5% ?
How much time will the following question take?
12.5% of 8.8 = ?
Now this
16.66% of 3.6 = ?
12.5% of 80 = ?
1 = 100%
1/2 = 50%
1/4 = 25%
1/8 = 12.5%
12.5% of 80 = 1/8 of 80
= 10
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Similarly 12.5% of 8.8 = 1/8 of 8.8


= 1.1
16.66% of 3.6 = 1/6 of 3.6
= 0.6
Lets learn to convert few more fraction values
1
= 100%
1/2 = 50%
1/3 = 33.33%
1/4 = 25% (half of )
1/5 = 20%
1/6 = 16.66% (half of 1/3)
1/7 = 14.28%
1/8 = 12.5% (half of )
1/9 = 11.11% (1/3rd of 1/3)
1/10 = 10%
1/11 = 9.09%
Note: 1/9 x will be in the multiples of 11
1/11 x will be in the multiples of 9

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1/9 = 11.11%, 2/9= 22.22%, 3/9= 33.33%.........


1/11 = 9.09% 2/11= 18.18%, 3/11= 27.27%..........

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2.iv) Shortcut 4:
How do you solve 62% of 150 = ?
10% to 60%
1% to 2%
Then 60% + 2% ?
No
a% of b can be written as b% of a
Proof: a% of b
= b% of a
a/100 x b = b/100 x a
ab/100
= ab/100
62% of 150

= 150% of 62
= 100% + 50% of 62
= 62 + 31
= 93
Why should we interchange 62 and 150?
Because splitting 150 is easier than splitting 62
So whenever the right hand side value is easier, interchange the values.
Try 84% of 250
Try 72% of 90
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Example 1:
Try
Try
Try
Try
Try
Try
Try
Try
Try

35% of 40
2.4242% of 80
33.33% of 12
75% of 16
66.66% of 9
37.5% of 24
55.55% of 18
45.45% of 121
3.6% of 133.33

Solution for the last question:


3.6% of 133.33 = 133.33% of 3.6
= 100% of 3.6 + 33.33% of 3.6
=
3.6
+ 1/3rd of 3.6
=
3.6
+
1.2
=
4.8
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3)Percentage increase and


decrease
3.i) Increase and decrease
Example:

2
0

2
5

year 1 year 2
What is the percentage increase from the 1st year to the
2nd ?
What is the increase?
5
From where it is increasing? 20
Percentage increase = 5/20 * 100
= * 100
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What is the percentage decrease from the 2nd year to the


1st?
What is the decrease?
5
From where it is decreasing? 25
Percentage increase = 5/25 * 100
= 1/5 * 100
= 20%

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Example 2: Ram makes $50 a week from his job.


He earns a raise and now makes $60 a week. What
is the percent increase?
A.16.66%
B. 20%
C.25%
D.50%
Solution:
Percentage increase = 10/50 * 100
= 20%
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3.ii) Increase/ decrease shortcut:


If there are 100 chocolates with me and it is increased by
10%, then what will be the total number of chocolates now?
110?
Yes

10%`

100

110

Now from 110 to get back to 100, what should be the


percentage decrease?
10% again?
No
Because from 110 if 10% is decreased it will become 99. (10% of 110 = -11)
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99

110

10%
To find the decrease easily lets learn a shortcut.
Between two values if the increase is 1/n, then the
decrease will be 1/n+1.
Increase % = 10% = 1/10
Decrease %
= 1/11 = 9.09%
From 110 to 100 the decrease % should be 9.09%
Similarly for the previous question if you observe
Increase % = 25% = 1/4
Decrease %
= 1/5 = 20%
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Example 3: If A's height is 33.33% less than that of


B, how much percent B's height is more than that of
A?
A)20%
B)25%
C)33.33%
D)50%
Solution:
33.33% decrease = 1/3

Increase = 1/4
= 25%

Important application of 1/n shortcut:


If the price of a commodity increases by 1/n, then the
consumption should be reduced by 1/n+1 to make the
expenditure same.
Expenditure = Price * Consumption
1/n

1/n+1

This can be applied in many other topics like time speed and
distance in the formula D = S * T etc.

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Example 4: A person buys 750 litres of milk every year and the
price of the milk is Rs 20 per litre. If the price of the milk
increases to Rs 25 per litre next year, what amount of milk
he/she can buy for the same expense as in the previous year?
A. 500 litres
B. 562.50 litres
C. 600 litres
D. 9000 litres
Solution:

Price increase = 5/20


=
Consumption decrease = 1/5
1/5th of 750 litres = 150 litres should be decreased
Consumption = 750 150 litres
= 600 litres
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3.iii) Successive increase/decrease:


Example: A car is moving at some constant speed. At first
it increases its speed by 25% and then again it increases its
speed by 20%. What is the overall percentage increase.
Method 1:
Initial speed of the car
=
x
Speed of the car after 1st increase =
x + 0.25x = 1.25x
Speed of the car after 2nd increase = 1.25x + 0.25x = 1.50x
Initial speed = x
Final speed = 1.50x
Percentage increase = 50%

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Method 2:
Assume the initial speed of the car as 100kmph
Initial speed of the car
= 100
Speed of the car after the 1st increase = 125
Speed of the car after the 2nd increase = 150
Initial speed = 100
Final speed = 150
Percentage increase = 50%

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Method 3: Shortcut
If the 1st increase/ decrease is a% and the 2nd
increase/decrease is b% the overall increase/decrease %
will be
a + b + ab/100 %
In this question a = 25% and b= 20%
Overall increase/decrease = 25 + 20 + (25)(20)/100
= 25 + 20 + 5
= 50 %

Note: If a or b is increase, then include +ve sign


If a or b is decrease, then include -ve sign.
Note : The final answer will be in percentage
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Example 5: A citys population was 10,000 at the


end of 2008. In 2009, it increased by 25% and in
2010, it decreased by 8%. What was the citys
population at the end of 2010?
A.8500
B.11500
C.11700
D. 13333
Solution: 25 + (-8) + (25) (-8)/100 %
= 25 8 200/100 %
= 25 8 2 %
= 15 %
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Important application of a + b + ab/100 % shortcut:


If the price of a commodity increases/decreases by a% and
the consumption increases/reduces by b% then the
expenditure will increase/decrease by a + b + ab/100 %
Expenditure = Price * Consumption
This can be applied in many other topics like time speed and
distance in the formula D = S * T etc.

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Example 6: Water tax is increased by 20% but its consumption is


decreased by 20%. Then, the increase or decrease percentage in
the expenditure of the money is:
a) No change
b) 5% decrease
c) 4% increase
d) 4% decrease
Solution: 20 + (-20) + (20) (-20)/100 %
= 20 20 400/100 %
= 20 20 4 %
= -4 %
= 4% decrease

4) Solved examples

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Q.1 Evaluate 35% of 280 + 80% of 140


A.70
B.140
C.210
D. 280
Solution:
35% of 280 + 80% of 140 = 35% of 280 + 40% of 280
= 75% of 280
= of 280
= 210

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Q.2 If 30% of a = b, then b% of 30 is the same as :


A.4% of a
B. 6% of a
C.8% of a
D. 9% of a
Solution:
Given : b = 30% of a
To find : b% of 30
b% of 30 = 30% of b
= 30% of ( 30% of a)
10% of ( 30% of a) = 3% of a
30%
= 9% of a

Q.3 A fruit seller had some oranges. He sells 40% oranges


and still has 420 oranges. How many oranges he had
originally?
A.280
B. 630
C.700
D. 1050
Solution:
100%
(sold) 40%

60% (remaining)
420

60% = 420 oranges


No of oranges he had = 100% = ?
60% = 420
10% = 70 of Analytical
Department

Q.4 An agent, gets a commission of 2.5% on the sales of


cloth. If on a certain day, he gets Rs. 12.50 as commission,
the cloth sold through him on that day is worth
A.250
B. 500
C.750
D. 1000
Solution:
Equate percentage value with the price to get the answer
Percentage commission = 2.5%
Commission in Rs
= Rs 12.50
2.5%
5%
1%
100%

=
=
=
=

Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs

12.50
25
5
500

Q.5 A student has to obtain 33% of the total marks to pass. He


got 125 marks and failed by 40 marks. The maximum marks
areA.400
B. 500
C.600
D. 800
Solution:
Equate percentage value with the marks to get the answer
Percentage Pass mark = 33%
He got 125 marks and need 40 more marks to pass
Pass mark
= 125 + 40 = 165
33% = 165
Maximum marks = 100%
33% = 165
1%
=5

Q.6 In a test A got 15% of the marks and failed by 7 marks


whereas B got 28% and got 32 marks more than the pass mark.
What was the pass mark?
A.45
B. 52
C.84
D. 300
Solution:
Equate percentage value with the price to get the answer
Percentage of A = 15%
Marks of A
= -7
Percentage of B = 28%
Marks of B
= + 32

( Deviation from pass mark)

Percentage difference b/w A and B = 13%


Marks difference b/w A and B
= 39
13% = 39 marks
1% = 3 marks
Now either find 15% and add +7 to get the pass mark or find 28% and subtract 32
to get the pass mark
1% = 3 marks
15% = 45 marks
15% + 7 = 52 marks
Or
1% = 3 marks
28% = 84 marks
28% - 32 = 52 marks
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5) Practice problems

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Q.1 What percentage of numbers from 1 to 70 have 1 or 9


in the unit's digit?
A.
B.
C.
D.

1
20
14
21

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Q.2 45 x ? = 25% of 900


A. 4
B. 5.2
C. 16
D. 5

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Q.3 One fourth of one third of two fifth of a number is 15.


What will be 40% of that number?
A.
B.
C.
D.

180
360
90
270

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Q.4 If 15% of 40 is greater than 25% of a number by


2. Find the number.
A. 14
B. 18
C. 16
D. 20

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Q.5 A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of


5/3 What is the percentage error in the calculation?
A. 34%
B.44%
C.54 %
D.64%

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Q.6 The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of


10% per annum. If its present value is Rs 162000. What
was the value of the machine 2 years ago?
A)220000
B)200000
C)240000
D)210000

Q.7 Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 5% of


A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A and 8%
of B. Find the ratio of A : B.
A. 2:1
B. 3:4
C. 4:3
D. 1:2

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Q.8 An inspector rejects 0.08% of the meters as defective.


How many meters he has to examine to reject 2 meters?
A. 2500
B. 1900
C. 1200
D. 2400

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Q.9 1100 boys and 700 girls are examined in a test;


42% of the boys and 30% of the girls pass. What is the
percentage of the total who failed the exam?
A)58
B)62*(2/3)
C)64
D)67

Q.10 Three candidates contested an election and received


1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively. What percentage
of the total votes did the winning candidate get?
A. 56%
B. 58%
C. 57%
D. 59%

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Q.11 Shweta is an expert in bargaining. Once she


went to a nearby shop. When Shweta asked the price
of Shampoo Sachet the shopkeeper told her the price
by increasing 15% of the original cost. But Shweta
insisted to decrease the price by 15% so the
shopkeeper sold it by decreasing the price by 15%.
What is the loss or gain of shopkeeper and by how
much percent?
a)1.95% gain
b)2.25% loss
c)2.18% gain
d)No gain no loss

Q.12 The prepaid card of Reliance Infocom gives 19% less


talk time than the prepaid card of Tata Indicom, having
same price. Again the post-paid card of same price of Tata
Indicom gives 10% less talk time than its prepaid card.
Similarly the post paid card of same price of Reliance
gives 11.11% less talk time than its prepaid card. How
much percent less talk time we get from the Reliance post
paid card than the post paid card of Tata Indicom?
a)10%
b)20%
c)25%
d)28%

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