BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
1) Generating electricity
Atomic nucleus
Atomic
nucleus

Electron

Neutron
Helium

Hydrogen atom

+ +
-

Lithium

Proton

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Frictional electricity

(1) When two different objects are rubbed together, electricity is produced.
(2) Frictional electricity is positive or negative.
(3) Similarly charged bodies repel each other.
(4) Oppositely charged bodies attract each other.

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1 CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE

1) Current
(1) What is Current?
Electric cable
Free electron

Electron move.

Neutralized

cak sol sumber HQS

Supplied from B

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(2) Current unit

1 Ampere

1 Second

1 Coulomb

< Units >

1 ampere = 1000 milliamperes
1 milliampere = 1000 microamperes
< Symbols >
Ampere
Milliampere
Microampere

(A)
(mA)
(A)

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Voltage
Water
pressure

Current

Electron flow
Voltage

No water pressure

Voltage is zero

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3) Resistance
Generator

Current

Load resistance
Cable internal resistance

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< Units >

1 megaohm = 1000000 ohms = 10 6 ohms
1 kiloohm = 1000 ohms = 103 ohms
1 ohm
1 microohm = 1/1000000 ohm = 10 -6 ohm
< Symbols >
Megaohm (M )
Kiloohm
(k )
Ohm
( )
Microohm ( )

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4) Ohm's Law

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Current(amper ) =

I (A) =

Voltage ( volt )
Re sis tan ce(ohms )

E (V)
R ( )

I : Current
E : Voltage
R : Resistance

E (V)
R ( ) =
I (A)
E = I R

E (V) = I (A) x R ( )

E
I=
R

R=

E
I

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3 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (APPLYING OHM'S LAW)

1) Basic circuit

Switch

Fuse

Lamp

I=?

12 V

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(1) When voltage and current are known and resistance is determined
When a resistance was applied to a voltage of 24V, a current of
8A was produced. What was the resistance value?

I=8A
24 V

R=?

From Ohm's Law

E = 24 (V)
R=

24
= 3( )
8

R=

I = 8 (A)

E
I

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(2) When resistance and current are known and voltage is determined
How many volts is required to conduct a current of 2A through
a resistance of 50

I=2A
100 V

R = 50

From Ohm's Law

I = 2 (A)

E=IxR

R = 50

E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)

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2) Series circuit

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

R1

R2

R3

E1

E2

E3

E
Total voltage E = E1 + E2 + E3
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
= I (R1 + R2 + R3)
Combined resistance E = E1 + E2 + E3

14

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Let's obtain the values of the combined resistance and the current.
6

12 V

R = R1 + R2 + R3
6 + 4 + 2 = 12
I=

E 12
=
= 1( A )
R 12

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) Parallel circuit

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

R1
I2
I1

R2

I
E
Total current

E E
1
1
+
=
E
(
+
)
I = I1 + I2 =
R1 R 2
R1 R 2

R=
Combined
resistance

1
1
1
+
R1 R 2

1 1
1
= +
R R1 R 2

Ohms Low
I( A ) =

E( V )
R( )

1
= E( V ) x
R( )

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

What is the combined resistance value in the figure below?

R1 = 20
R 2 = 30

R 3 = 60

R=

1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
R1 R 2 R3 20 30 60

1
1 60
=
=
=
= 10[ ]
3
2
1
6
6
+
+
60 60 60 60

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4 SOLENOID PRINCIPLE
1) Current and magnetic field

N
S

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Paper

S
N

N
S
S

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Right-handed screw rule

Cu

nt
e
rr

Cu

nt
e
rr

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2) Magnetic fields created by a coil

Magnetic
force lines
Current

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N pole

S pole

Magnetic force lines

Right-hand grip Rule

Current flow direction

S
Right hand
Current

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Iron core

Coil

Iron bar

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5 STARTER WORKING PRINCIPLE

1) Electromagnetic force (Fleming's Left-hand rule)
Conducting wire and
Current direction

Direction of magnetic force line

is the same,
so electromagnetic force is strong.
Direction of magnetic force line
is the opposite,
so electromagnetic force is weak.

Expulsion force

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Fleming's left-hand rule

Force direction

S
Magnetic force line direction
N to S

+
Current (A)

Current direction

to

Force (N)

Magnetic field (A/M)

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Magnet

Commutator
Brush

Coil

Power supply

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Current

Force

Magnetic
force line

Current

Force

Magnetic
force line
Current

Force

Current flow direction is

reversed by commutator.

Magnetic
force line

Force

Magnetic
force line
Current

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

6 GENERATOR WORKING PRINCIPLE

1) Electromagnetic induction (Fleming's right-hand rule)
Ammeter

Electromotive force is produced

when the conductor is moved up and down

Electromotive force (V)

= magnetic flux ( Wb / m2 ) x conductor length (m) x conductor moving speed (m/s)

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Fleming's right-hand rule

Conductor direction

Magnetic force lines

N to S

Fleming's left-hand rule

Electromotive force direction

to

Force
Magnetic
force line
Current

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2) Current Generator Working Principle

b

a C1
B1

C2
B2

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3) Alternating current generating principle

S2
B2

S1
B1

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7 BATTERY PRINCIPLE
1) Battery purpose

Connected in parallel

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2) Battery structure and function

Terminal

Cell plug

Lid

Connector

Positive plate
Pole

Separator
Pole

Battery jar

Negative plate
Positive plate
Glass mat

Glass mat

Separator

Negative plate

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Electron
Current

Negative pole

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

Lead ion +
Pb + 2H2SO4 +PbO2
Negative pole plates

Positive pole

Hydrogen ion +
PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

Positive pole plates

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Larger terminal is positive

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Replaceable quantity (CC)

(per 1 liter of electrolyte)

3) In-service maintenance
(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity
Diluted sulfuric acid
(Specific gravity : 1.400)

240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.240

1.250

1.260

1.270

Purified water

1.280

1.290

1.300

1.310

Battery electricity specific gravity (20 degrees)

1.320

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(2) Measuring electrolyte specific gravity

Rubber ball

Glass tube
Floating scale

B
Suction tube

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4) Storage cautions

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5) Charging
(1) Charging type

Initial charging

Supplementary charging

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(2) Charging methods

1 Constant-current charging method
2 Fast charging method

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(3) Voltage and specific gravity changes during charging

2.9
2.8

Voltage

2.6
2.5

Specific gravity

2.4

1.3

2.3
2.2

1.2

2.1
2.0
1.9

1.1
0

10

12

Charging time (H)

14

16

18

20

Specific gravity

Terminal voltage (V)

2.7

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(4) Charging-related cautions

+
-

+
-

Charging time(h) =

Discharge rate(Ah)
x (1.2 to 1.5)
Charging current(A)

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(5) Battery capacity

Unit

Ampere-hour (Ah)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h)
Watt-hour capacity (Wh)
= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h) x mean discharge voltage (V)
Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)
(Example)
Discharge:

5 hours

Current:

6A

Voltage:

12V

Battery:

40Ah

6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)

40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5A

10 A
Heat loss

100Ah

20 hours at 5 A

100Ah

10 hours at 10 A

Chemical
reactions

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

8 CIRCUIT TESTER
1) Outline
(1) Measurement of alternating or direct-current voltage and current
(2) Measurement of resistance
(3) Discovery of electric circuit shorts, grounds, and disconnections

2) Structure
Measuring range

Resistance measuring
scale

Alternating voltage
measuring range

0 point adjusting screw

Direct-current
voltage measuring
range

0 point adjusting knob

Positive side
measuring cord

Negative side
measuring cord

Negative side
terminal

Direct current
measuring range

Positive side cord

terminal

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) Measuring voltage
0 point adjusting screw

Direct-current voltage
measuring range

Alternating voltage
measuring range

Battery

+
OK

Battery
Direct current

Household-use
wall outlet
Alternating current

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Reading the tester

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4) Measuring current
0 point adjusting screw
Current up to 20A

Current up to 250mA

Tester

Tester

+
+

Battery

Battery

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Reading the tester

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5) Measuring resistance

0 point adjusting knob

Tester

Battery

OFF

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Reading the tester

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8 ELECTRIC COMPONENTS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1) Resistors

Carbon film fixed resistor

Symbol: RD

Fixed body resistor

Symbol: RC

Insulated carbon film process resistor

Symbol: RF

Power type covered wire wound resistor

Symbol: RW

Fixed resistor
Resistor
Variable resistor

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Symbols inscribed on resistors

Normal
resistance
value

Properties

Service
objective

H when
frequency
is high

H
Type

Carbon
film
fixed
resistor

RD

1/2

150k

Shape
Rated
power(W)
1/8
1/4
1/2
1

L
P

X
Y
Z
A
B

[]
[k]
[M]

Resistance
value
allowance
[%]
D : 0.5
F : 1
G : 2
J : 5
K : 10

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Fixed body resistor color code

4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color
Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Purple
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color

Resistance value
2-digit number
1st color band
2nd color band
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
-

Multiplier
3rd color band
0
x10
1
x10
2
x10
3
x10
4
x10
5
x10
6
x10
-1
x10
-2
x10
-

Resistance value
allowance
4th color band
5%
10%
20%

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2 0 x 102 10%

Resistance value : 2,000

Resistance value allowance : 10%

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Fixed body resistor color code

5th color
4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2 0 2 x 10 2

1%

Resistance value : 20.200 20k 2

Resistance value allowance : 10%

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Fuses
Blade type

Glass type

Fusible strip

Housing

Terminal

Fusible strip
Terminal
Capacity
5A
10A
15A
20A
25A
30A

10% current
Mast fuse
Mast fuse
Mast fuse
Mast fuse
Mast fuse
Mast fuse

135% current
Fuses within 60 min.
Fuses within 60 min.
Fuses within 60 min.
Fuses within 60 min.
Fuses within 60 min.
Fuses within 60 min.

150% current
Fuses within 15 sec.
Fuses within 15 sec.
Fuses within 15 sec.
Fuses within 15 sec.
Fuses within 15 sec.
Fuses within 30 sec.

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(Reference)
Electric wire allowable current
Nomination
(cross-sectional
area mm)
0.5

Strand diameter mm

Number of strands

Outer diameter mm

Allowable current A

0.32

2.2

0.85

0.32

11

2.4

12

1.25

0.32

16

2.7

15

0.32

26

3.1

20

0.32

41

3.8

27

0.32

65

4.6

37

0.45

50

5.5

47

15

0.45

84

7.0

59

20

0.8

41

8.2

84

30

0.8

70

10.8

120

40

0.8

85

11.4

135

50

0.8

108

13.0

160

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3) Diodes
General distribution diode
Low voltage diode (Zener diode)
Diodes
Light-emitting diode
Photo diode
1 General distribution diode

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2 Zener diode
Properties of general rectifier diodes

Zener diode properties

Silicon diode

5V Zener diode

Reverse direction
voltage (V)

-5

Forward direction
voltage (V)

50

Reverse direction
current (mA)

0 1

Reverse direction
current (mA)

-100

Forward direction
current (A)

50

Reverse direction
voltage (V)

Forward direction
current (A)

Germanium diode

Forward direction
voltage (V)

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3 Light-emitting diode

Light

Hole

Electron

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

4) Transistors
NPN type

PNP type
C

P
B

P
E

Straight line
Emitter
protrusion

Emitter

Collector
Base

Emitter

Collector
Base

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Designation of Symbols

154

One-digit
number
(Number of
rectifier
Junctions)
0
1
2
4

Meaning of
semiconductor
parts
(Semiconductor S)

Photo transistor
Diode
3-pole diode
4-pole diode

Letter of
alphabet

Twe-digit
or larger
number

Letter of
alphabet

(Application
Indication)

(Registration
number)

(Improvement
number)

A PNP high frequency use

B PNP low frequency use
C NPN high frequency use
D NPN low frequency use
F Thyristor

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5) Thermistors
Terminal
Negative
characteristic
thermistor

Resistance

Positive
characteristic
thermistor

Case
Temperature

Thermistor

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(+)

(-)

+
+
+
+

Insulator

Variable condenser

Air condenser (variable condenser)

Aluminum electrolytic condenser (AI condenser)
Tantalum condenser (Ta condenser)

Condenser
(Capacitors)
Fixed condenser

Barium titanate condenser

Titanium dioxide porcelain condenser
Metallized paper condenser (MP condenser)
Plastic film condenser
Paper condenser
Mica condenser

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Condenser type

Titanium condenser
Tubular paper condenser

Porcelain condenser

Mica condenser

Electrolytic condenser
Oil-impregnated
condenser

Variable air condenser