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Presented by:
SUPERVISOR :
Dr. DEEPAK KUMAR
SUSHMITA KUJUR
BE/10768/2013
AMBER SAURAV KUNAL
BE/10166/13
NEHA RUNDA
BE/10746/2013
CONTENTS
Introduction.
Flowchart.
Voltage sensor.
Microcontroller as timer.
References.
INTRODUCTION
India is suffering from the problem of meeting the peak demand of about 12%.
India has become the worlds third largest power producer. We have an installed
capacity of 255 GW. But still Indian power sector is facing a shortage of 2% to
17.4% during peak hours.
Many of the power system failures occurs due to the lack of availability of power
or may be the lack of transmission capacity i.e. unavailability of transmission
corridors or its overloading.
28% of the peak demand is met by renewable energy resources.
Following challenges are associated due to the grid integration of renewable and
distributed generator.
i.
ii.
Balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load
by adjusting or controlling the load rather than power station output.
networks.
Stimulation of economic development.
Reductions in peak power prices for electricity.
Improved reliability and network issues.
Load shifting.
Energy efficiency and conservation.
The main concept for the DSM is the of peak shaving strategy, which involves preventing
of heavy, non-critical loads, from operating during the peak time.
Various approaches and facts that can be used to find out heavy demand in the grid are:
The dip in frequency can be measured to identify the time of high demand.
Real time demand on the grid can be also directly monitored to identify the peak time.
The voltage value can indicate the peak load in the system.
A timer, with its time settings matching with the grid timing can help us to
identify the peak time.
Timer of controller act as 24 hour clock from which peak time is identified.
The controller takes input from timer and checks as per the setting. If off
peak time is observed grid voltage is sensed.
Grid voltage is stepped down, rectified and then compared with the set
reference.
Vref ( (Vnominal-Vdip) .Vs ) / Vnominal
Vref= Reference voltage
Vdip= Voltage dip normally observed during peak time.
Vs= Secondary voltage of voltage setting transformer.
FLOWCHART
Set up Details
Block Diagram
VOLTAGE SENSOR
COMPONENTS USED
9V Batteries
LM324 IC
10K Potentiometer
100 ohm resistor
10k resistor
LED
Transformer 230/6 V
Bridge rectifier
VOLTAGE SENSING
CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE
SENSOR
R2=330ohm
R1=100 ohm
If the Vin is greater than the Vref then the LED conducts i.e. at off peak
hours
If the Vin is less than the Vref then the LED does not conduct.
Components Required
Float switch
Arduino Uno
Float Switch
A Float Switch is a device which is typically used to measure the
depth/level of liquid in a container. As the water rises and reaches the level
of the float switch, it begins to float going from the vertical to the
horizontal. This closes an internal switch which can then be used to turn
on/off a pump, alarm, relay.
As the float switch gets on or off it gives high or low signals to the arduino
and therefore arduino senses it and through programming we can switch
on the water pump load if the tank is empty and switch it off if its full.
MICROCONTROLLER AS TIMER
REFERENCES