ELECTROMAGNETICS

Study of the interactions between electric

charges at rest and in motion
Electric Field

Magnetic Field

Analysis, synthesis, physical interpretation,

and application
ECCE3022: Electroma

APPLICATIONS

Microwave Antennas
Satellite Communications
Radar Meteorology
Plasmas
Remote Sensing
Bioelectromagnetics
Nuclear Research
Fiber Optics

Electromagnetic
Interference &
Compatibility
Electric Machines
Electromechanical
Energy Conversion
Induction Heating
Dielectric Heating
Physical Medicine.
Agriculture

ECCE3022: Electroma

EM DEVICES

Transformers
Electric Relays
Radio / TV/Telephone
Electric Motors
Transmission Lines
Waveguides
Antennas
Radars
Lasers.

Require Knowledge
of the laws and
principles of EM

ECCE3022: Electroma

ECCE3022: Electroma

Chapter 1
VECTOR ALGEBRA

Basic Concepts of Vector Algebra in Cartesian

Coordinates

ECCE3022: Electroma

Definitions
Scalar: A quantity which has magnitude only (e.g. time,
masse, distance, temperature, and electric potential).

Vector: A quantity which has both magnitude and

direction (e.g. velocity, force, displacement, and electric
field intensity).

Scalar Field: A function that specifies a scalar quantity

everywhere in a region (e.g. temperature distribution in a
room, and electric potential in a room).

Vector Field: A function that specifies a vector

quantity everywhere in a region. (e.g. gravitational force
on a body in space and a displacement of plane in space).
ECCE3022: Electroma

Unit Vector

|ax|=|ay|=|az|=1

az
ax ay
x

Vector in Cartesian
Coordinates
A=(Ax, Ay, Az)
z =Axax+Ayay+Azaz
Vector A

Unit Vector

y
Unit vector

aA=A/|A|=A/A
|aA|=1

Axax
x

ECCE3022: Electroma

Azaz
y

Ayay
A Ax2 Ay2 Az2

 Vector Addition & Subtraction

A=(Ax, Ay, Az) and B=(Bx, By, Bz)

C=A+B=(Ax+Bx)ax+(Ay+By)ay+(Az+Bz)az
D=A-B=(Ax-Bx)ax+(Ay-By)ay+(Az-Bz)az

Law
Commutative
Associative
Distributive

Addition
A+B=B+A
A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
k(A+B)=kA+kB

ECCE3022: Electroma

Multiplication
kA=Ak
k(nA)=(kn)A

Parallelogram
Rule

Head-to-Tail
Rule

B
A

B
C=A+B

D
-B

Parallelogram
Rule

Head-to-Tail
Rule

A
D

B
D=A-B
ECCE3022: Electroma

 Position & Distance Vectors

Position Vectors
Position Vector rp
(radius vector)

rp
O

P(3, 4, 5) Directed distance from origin

O to point P.
z=5
rp=OP=xax+yay+zaz
y=4

x=3
x

Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z)

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Distance Vectors
Distance Vector rPQ
(separation vector)

P
rPQ

rP

Q
O

rQ

Displacement from P to Q.

rPQ= PQ = rQ- rP
= (xQ-xP)ax+ (yQ-yP) ay+ (zQ-zP) az

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NOTES
Point P is different from Vector A even though they
may be represented in the same manner as
(x, y, z) and (Ax, Ay, Az) respectively.
Constant or Uniform vector field: does not depend
on x, y, and z. For instance, B= 3ax- 2ay+ 10az is the
same everywhere.
Non Uniform vector field: depends on x, y, and z.
For instance, A= 2xyax+ y2 ay- xz2 az varies from
point to point.
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 Vector Multiplication
* Scalar (or dot) product:

A B

* Vector (or cross) product:

A B

* Scalar triple product:

A (B C)

* Vector triple product:

A x (B C)

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 Dot (Scalar) Product

A B=AB cos AB=AxBx+AyBy+AzBz
Acos AB
AB

*
*
*
*

B=(Bx, By, Bz)

A =(Ax, Ay, Az)

A B=B A (Commutative Law)

A ( B+C)=A B+A C (Distributive Law)
A A=|A|2=A2
ax ay=ay az=az ax=0

* ax ax=ay ay=az az=1

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 Cross (Vector) Product & RHSR

A B=AB sin ABan
A B

B=(Bx, By, Bz)

AB

an

A =(Ax, Ay, Az)

Right hand thumb direction or

Advance of a right-handed screw
as A is turned into B.

ax
A B Ax

ay
Ay

az
Az ( Ay Bz Az B y )a x ( Az Bx Ax Bz )a y ( Ax B y Ay Bx )a z

Bx

By

Bz

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*
*
*
*
*
*

A B B A (Not Commutative)
A B = B A (Anticommutative)
A ( B C) (A B) C (Not Associative)
A ( B + C) = A B + A C (Distributive)
A A= 0
ax
ax
ax ay= az
-a

* ay az= ax
* az ax= ay

ay

az

az

ay
ax

az

-az
ay

-ax

Cyclic Permutation
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 Scalar Triple Product

A (B C)= B (C A)= C (A B)
Ax

Ay

Az

A (B C) Bx

By

Bz Ax ( B y C z Bz C y ) Ay ( Bx C z Bz C x ) Az ( Bx C y B y C x )

Cx C y

Cz

The results is the volume (scalar) of a parallelepiped having

A, B and C as edges.
A
B

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 Vector Triple Product

A (B C)= B (A C) C (A B)
bac-cab rule
(A

B)C A (B C)

(A B)C =C (A B)

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 Components of a Vector
A

A
A-AB

AB

AB
Scalar Component

AB
B
AB
Vector Component

AB A cos AB | A || a B | cos AB
AB A a B

(Scalar Component of A along B)

AB AB a B ( A a B )a B

(Vector Component of A along B)

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