These slides were created by

Dr. Gordon Vessels, but some draw

from those created by
Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998.
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Sleep and Dreams

Sometimes,
a cigar
is just a
cigar.
Freud, on the
meaning of
dreams
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Rhythm of Sleep
Circadian Rhythm

(the biological clock)

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Rhythm of Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Body Temp
Temp
Body
Sleep/Wakefulness
Sleep/Wakefulness
Mood
Mood
All are linked to
(the biological clock) a 25 hour day
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Five Stages of Sleep (~ 90 min)

2 min - hallucinations
20 min - sleeptalking
may begin at Stage 2
30 min
- sleepwalking

10+ min - Dreams!

5 Stages of Sleep
Sleep Cycles

Characteristics

Awake & Relaxed . . . . . Alpha waves

Stage 1 Sleep . . . . . . . . . Dream-like (~ 2 min)
Stage 2 Sleep . . . . . . . . . Sleep Spindles (~ 20 min)
(sleep talking)

Stages 3 & 4 . . . . . . . . . . Delta waves (~ 30 min)

(sleep walking, hard to awaken)
REM Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . Like Stage 1 (~ 10-45 min)
(paradoxical sleep)
(deep muscle paralysis)

Everyone Dreams!
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Why Do We Sleep?
Effects of
Sleep
Deprivation

So WHY?

Impaired
Creativity
Impaired
Concentration
Irritability
Slowed
MAYBE:
Performance
Keep Us From
Harm
Consolidate
Memories
Conserve Energy

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

The Stuff of Which Dreams

Are Made
Most dreams are of
ordinary things.
BUT
Lucid Dreams are so vivid
they SEEM REAL.
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those
created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

The Stuff of Which Dreams

Are Made
Does Dreaming Remove
Us From Reality?
Not Entirely.
We retain some awareness
of our external world.
BUT...
we dont remember info
5 minutes prior to sleep.
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those
created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

But WHY Do We Dream?

Latent
LatentContent
Contentmay
mayactually
actuallybe
be
Unconscious
UnconsciousDrives
Drives&&Wishes
Wishes
Dreams
Dreamsmay
mayhelp
helpsort
sort&&fix
fixour
our
days
daysexperiences
experiencesininmemory
memory
Dreams
Dreamsresult
resultfrom
fromrandom
random
neural
neuralactivity
activityoriginating
originatinginin
brainstem
brainstem

What if we couldnt dream?

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Why Do We
Daydream?
Temporary escape from reality;
Help prepare us for future events;
Substitute for impulsive behavior.

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those

created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

You are
getting
sleepy
What
What is
is it?
it?
A
Astate
state of
of
apparently
apparently
heightened
heightened
suggestibility
suggestibility

PostPostHypnotic
Hypnotic
Amnesia
Amnesia
Temporary
Temporary
memory
memory loss
loss

(Maybe)
(Maybe)

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Hypnosis As Therapy
Post-Hypnotic
Post-Hypnotic Suggestions
Suggestions -- Useful?
Useful?
Suggestions
Suggestions to
to be
be carried
carried out
out after
after hypnosis
hypnosis

Stop Smoking & Nail Biting?

NO more successful than positive thinking.

Stop or Alleviate Pain?

YES Just ask your Dentist!

Dissociation
Dissociation or
or Selective
Selective
Attention
Attention
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Drugs and Consciousness

What types of drugs influence consciousness?
and
How do they work?

Psychoactive Drugs

Chemicals that
change
perceptions & moods

Affect Brain
Chemistry
&
User Expectations

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Dependence and Addiction

Tolerance Continued use of a drug

requires larger doses to

equal the same effect

Withdrawal

In the absence of the drug, user

may feel physical pain & cravings

Physical

Dependence
Psychological

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Psychoactive Drugs
Excite neural activity
Stimulants
Arouse body functions
Calm neural activity
Slow body functions

Depressants

Distort exisiting perceptions

Evoke perception
Hallucinogensw/o sensation
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Stimulants

Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Tiredness
Increase heart rate
and breathing rate
Headaches
Pupils Dilate
Irritability
Appetite Diminshes

Depression

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Depressants
Alcohol - Barbituates Decreases
Opiates
Decreases

Impairs Judgment
Judgment Sympathetic
Impairs
Sympathetic
and Inhibitions
Inhibitions Nervous
and
Nervous System
System
Activity
Activity
Disrupts Processing
Processing of
of
Disrupts
Info into
into Memory
Memory Focuses Attention
Info
(not short-term
short-term recall
recall
(not
on
or existing
existing LTM)
LTM)
or
Immediate
Situation
These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/

Hallucinogens
Psychadelic
s
Common Perceptual
Distortions
& Hallucinations

LSD
PCP
Marijuana

Simple Geometric Forms

Meaningful Images /
Tunnel Feeling of
Separation from Body

Psychadelic Drugs Loss of

Oxygen to Brain Extreme Sensory
Deprivation

These slides are visually enhanced versions of those created by Dr. Kevin Richardson, which are available at http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~krichard/