SAMBUNGAN P-N DAN

DIODE SAMBUNGAN P-N

Yang akan dibahas:

1.
2.
3.

Dioda
Transistor
Integrated Circuit

SAMBUNGAN p-n
Apa yang terjadi bila semikonduktor
tipe-p dihubungkan dengan tipe-n ?
hubungan p-n
Na

Na

Nd

Nd

Na

Na

Nd

Nd

Na

Na

Nd

Nd

tipe-p

tipe-n

Terjadi difusi elektron

tipe-p ke tipe-n di daerah
perbatasan (elektron
mengisi lubang) timbul
polarisasi muatan yang
mengakibatkan medan
listrik . Pada keadaan
setimbang terbentuk
lapisan deplesi tebalnya
beberapa mikron. Medan
listrik di daerah ini sekitar
104 sampai 106 V/cm

Gambar mikroskopis sambungan p-n

tipe-p

tipe-n

a) Keadaan awal

b) Peristiwa Diffusi
_

daerah netral
_

daerah netral
+

Lap. deplesi

c) Keadaan setimbang

The p-n Junction

Suppose we join a piece of p-type silicon to a piece of ntype silicon

We get what is called a p-n junction

Remember both pieces are electrically neutral
Slide 5

The p-n Junction

When initially joined
electrons from the
n-type migrate into the ptype less electron
density there
When an electron fills
a hole both the
electron and hole
disappear as the gap
in the bond is filled
This leaves a region with no free charge carriers the depletion layer
this layer acts as an insulator
Slide 6

The p-n Junction

0.6 V
As the p-type has
gained electrons
it is left with an
overall negative
charge
As the n-type has
lost electrons it is
left with an overall
positive charge
Therefore there is a voltage across the junction the
junction voltage for silicon this is approximately 0.6 V
Slide 7

The Reverse Biased P-N Junction

Take a p-n junction
Apply a voltage
across it with the
p-type negative
n-type positive
Close the switch
The voltage sets
up an electric field
throughout the
junction

The junction is said to be reverse biased

Slide 8

The Reverse Biased P-N Junction

Negative electrons
in the n-type feel an
attractive force
which pulls them
away from the
depletion layer
Positive holes in the
p-type also
experience an
attractive force which
pulls them away from
the depletion layer

Thus, the depletion layer ( INSULATOR ) is

widened and no current flows through the
p-n junction
Slide 9

The Forward Biased P-N Junction

Take a p-n junction
Apply a voltage
across it with the
p-type postitive
n-type negative
Close the switch
The voltage sets
up an electric field
throughout the
junction

The junction is said to be

forward biased
Slide

The Forward Biased P-N Junction

Negative electrons
in the n-type feel a
repulsive force
which pushes them
into the depletion
layer
Positive holes in the
p-type also
experience a
repulsive force which
pushes them into the
depletion layer

Therefore, the depletion layer is eliminated and a

current flows through the p-n junction
Slide

The Forward Biased P-N Junction

At the junction
electrons fill holes
Both disappear as
they are no longer
free for conduction

They are
replenished by the
external cell and
current flows
This continues as long as the external voltage is
greater than the junction voltage i.e. 0.6 V
Slide

The Forward Biased P-N Junction

If we apply a higher
voltage
The electrons feel a
greater force and
move faster
The current will be
greater and will
look like
this.
The p-n junction is called a DIODE
and is represented by the symbol

The arrow shows the

direction in which it
conducts current
Slide

The Semiconductor Diode

The semiconductor diode is a p-n junction

In reverse bias it does not conduct

In forward bias it conducts as long as the

external voltage is greater than the
junction voltage
A diode should always have a protective
resistor in series as it can be damaged by
a large current

Slide

The Semiconductor Diode

The silver line drawn on one side of the

diode represents the line in its symbol
This side should be connected to the
negative terminal for the diode to be forward
biased
Diodes are used to change alternating
current to direct current
Diodes are also used to prevent damage in
a circuit by connecting a battery or power
supply the wrong way around
Slide
15

The Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Some diodes emit light as they conduct

These are called LEDs and come in various colours
LEDs have one leg longer than the other
The longer leg should be connected to the positive terminal for
the LED to be forward biased
LEDs are often used as power indicators on radios, TVs and
other electronic devices

Symbol
Slide
16

The Characteristic Curve of a Diode

Diodes do not obey Ohms Law

A graph of CURRENT vs
VOLTAGE for a diode will not be a
straight line through the origin
The curve will look like this one
Note how the current increases
dramatically once the voltage
reaches a value of 0.6 V approx.
i.e. the junction voltage
This curve is known as the
characteristic curve of the diode

Slide

Sambungan p-n dihubungkan dengan

baterai/tegangan
-

aliran lubang

+ + +

Kutub + pada tipe-p dan kutub pada tipe-n

n

+
I

aliran elektron

V
Semakin besar tegangan semakin
besar arus yang dihasilkan.
Tegangan seperti ini dinamakan
tegangan maju/bias maju
( forward bias)

aliran lubang

+ + +

Kutub + pada tipe-n dan kutub pada tipe-p

Elektron-elektron pada tipe-n dipaksa

meninggalkan tipe-n tanpa melewati
tipe-p, sehingga daerah deplesi makin
besar
Medan listrik makin besar

aliran elektron

Medan listrik akan mencegah mengalirnya

arus pada rangkaian. Walaupun tegangan
terus diperbesar namun arus tetap sangat
kecil. Tegangan ini dinamakan tegangan
mundur/bias mundur (backward bias)

V rusak

V maju

Jika tegangan mundur terus diperbesar

maka suatu saat arus mundurnya bertambah
secara tajam. Keadaan ini dikatakan
sambungan p-n bocor. Potensial pada
keadaan ini dinamakan potensial rusak
(breakdown voltage)

Kesimpulan
Sambungan p-n jika diberi :
- Tegangan maju : akan ada arus mengalir pada rangkaian
- Tegangan mundur : arus yang mengalir sangat kecil (hampir nol)

Dengan sifat-sifat tersebut, sambungan p-n digunakan sebagai :

dioda (alat untuk membuat arus mengalir pada satu arah
saja).

Simbol dan Fungsi

Simbol

Fungsi

Menyearahkan

aliran arus hanya satu arah

yaitu arah maju (+) atau arah mundur (-)

RANGKAIAN PENYEARAH GELOMBANG

Rangkaian arus bolak-balik :
V

wt

Terlihat tegangan bolak-balik

Jika rangkaian diberi dioda :

Pada V + dapat melewati dioda karena ketika V

terbentuk lapisan deplesi yang menghambat arus.

wt
Rangkaian penyearah setengah gelombang

Rangkaian penyearah gelombang penuh

Susunan rangkaian 4 dioda :
V

D2

D3

D1

wt

D4

Outputnya berupa gelombang

penuh namun satu arah
Terjadinya gelombang tersebut, perhatikan :
P
V
D1
+

wt

D3
S

Ketika P lebih positip dari S, arus tidak dapat

melalui D2 dan D4 tetapi dapat melewati
D1 dan D3

Ketika titik P lebih negatip dari titik S, dioda yang dapat dialiri arus
adalah D2 dan D4
P

D2
+

s
-

D4
S

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa bagaimanapun tanda tegangan input,

tegangan outputnya selalu bernilai positip

wt

Prinsip perataan gelombang

Seringkali diperlukan tegangan searah yang nilainya tidak
berubah-ubah, maka digunakan rangkaian sebagai
berikut :
D2

D1

s
D3

D4
C

Dihasilkan arus searah yang rata

C dimuati

C membuang muatan

Keluaran dc yang diratakan di ujung beban

d
c

riak

waktu

Gelombang a-b : Arus mengalir melalui D1 , R dan D3, saat itu kapasitor mulai terisi
sampai penuh dan timbul tegangan yang besarnya sama dengan
tegangan hambatan.
Gelombang b-c : Arus mengalir mulai berkurang, namun tegangan relatif tetap
(mungkin berkurang sedikit akibat arus bocor), akibatnya tegangan
hambatan tidak berubah banyak.
Gelombang c-d : Arus mengalir melalui D2 , R dan D4. Pada saat arus mulai naik
kapasitor akan tetap mempertahankan tegangan sehingga besarnya
sama dengan tegangan hambatan. Tegangan yang berkurang sedikit
akibat arus bocor dapat dipulihkan kembali dan dapat mencapai
maksimum. Selanjutnya proses seperti sebuah siklus

The End
Declan
OKeeffe

Slide