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Levelling
Definition of levelling : Levelling is the
process of measuring the difference
in height between points on the
surface of the earth.
Level line / level surface : A line lying
throughout on one level surface and
normal to the direction of gravity at
all points.
Datum surface or : Any level surface or
line , known height, from which
heights or levels are measured.
Levelling
Levelling
Reduced Level of a point : Height of the point
above the particular datum in use.
Bench Mark : Fixed point of known height, from
which other levels may beestablished
Back sight : The first sight taken after setting up
a levelling instrument
Levelling
Fore sight : The last sight taken before moving
the instrument
Intermediate sight : Any levelling sight which is
neither a backsight nor a fore sight.
Changepoint : Stable point on which the level
staf is held while the levels moved from one set
up point to another.
METODE PENGUKURAN
1. Barometrik (Barometric Levelling )
2. Trigonometrik (Trigonometric Levelling)
3. Takhimetrik ( Tachymetric Levelling)
4. Sipat Datar (Spirit Levelling )
Sipat Datar
Beda Tinggi = h - bt
btB
Beda
tinggi = btA-btB
Data-data Pengukuran
Ketelitian Pengukuran
Toleransi Kesalahan ( E dlm mm )
E = k V d --- : k = Ketelitian alat
d = dlm km
Route 1 : BM > C > D > F > TB > Q > BM2 > P > BM
Route 2 : Q > TB > H > I > J > K > P > BM > Q
Route 3 : S > J > L > M > N > O > P > BM > BM2 > S
Route 4 : E > F > G > H > TB > Q > BM > C > D > E
Pengukuran Profil
Tujuan :
Menggambarkan penampang
permukaan tanah
Perencanaan muka jalan, saluran,
lantai bangunan
Perhitungan volume tanah , galian /
timbunan
Metode Pengukuran
Data Pengukuran
(Metode Rise and Fall )
Data Pengukuran
( Metode Tinggi Garis Bidik/HPC)
Pengukuran Kontur
Tujuan :
Untuk menggambarkan tinggi rendahnya
muka tanah dr suatu area/daerah.
Untuk perencanaan tata letak bangunan
Untuk perhitungan volume pekerjaan
tanah
Contour Characteristics
a. Regular gradient ( miring teratur )
b. The contours are closer at the top of the slope than at
the bottom. (Bentuk cekung/concave )
c. Portrays a convex slope ( bentuk cembung )
d. V-shape; the V always points towards the source of
the river
e. V-shape but point downhill forming a nose or spur.
f. Unite to form one
g. Cannot split ( bercabang ) in two lines of the same
elevation
h. Cannot simply end ( continue)
i. Steepest slope
Contour characteristics
Peta Kontur
Site Plain
Metode Pengukuran
Cara Langsung ( Direct ) :
Levelling
Survey of the pegs
Plotting ( Penggambaran )
Indirect method
Setting out a grid
Levelling
Plotting : Interpolating the contour
Mathematically
Graphically
Levelling
Plotting : Mathemacally
Plotting : Graphically
- Graphically
Volume
Reciprocal Levelling
Reciprocal Levelling
The errors of observation from each set-up are
approximately the same.
The True diff.level : (as example)
Reciprocal Levelling
The True Difference in level =
2.092 + 2.104
-------------------- = 2.098 m
2
ERRORS IN LEVELLING
INSTRUMENTAL :
Error due to imperfect adjustment
Error due to sluggish bubble
Error due to movement of objective slide
Rod not of standard length
Error due to defective joint
ERRORS IN LEVELLING
NATURAL
Earths Curvature
Atmospheric Refraction
Variations temperature
Settlement of tripode or turning points
Wind vibrations
ERRORS IN LEVELLING
PERSONAL
Mistakes in manipulation
Rod handling
Mistake in reading the rod
Errors in sighting
Mistakes in recording
Reciprocal Levelling
Difference Level between A and B is
obtained by the procedure :
The Level set up at X, 5m from A, anh
both staffs are observed - Giving diff.
level
The level is next set up at Y, 5m from B,
again both staffs are observed Giving
second diff. level.
RECIPROCAL LEVELLING
Reciprocal Levelling
The errors of observation from each set-up are
approximately the same.
The True diff.level : (as example)
Reciprocal Levelling
The True Difference in level =
2.092 + 2.104
-------------------- = 2.098 m
2
Stake - out
Stake - Out
Stake Out