•DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Structure of DNA

DNA exist in the form of a twisted

double helix and governs various
inheritance traits
Length of DNA in a cell is 180cm.
Each chromosome consist of two
DNA molecules.
Each DNA molecule is hydrogen
bonded
Nuclear protein called histones ,
the complex of DNA and histones
being referred to as chromatin,
structurally stabilize the helix.
STRUCTURE OF DNA
• Each nucleotide is
composed of phosphate,
deoxyriboes sugar, and
organic nitrogenous
bases, such as adenine
(A), guanine (G), cytosin
(C), thiamine (T).
• DNA molecule resembles
a twisted loop ladder with
four kinds of stair-steps,
A-T , T-A , C-G or G-C
 sP
s = Sugar P s
s A T P
A T
P = Phosphate P
s s
G
G C
C
P P
A s s
P P
C
s
G P
P
s
T s P
Ps
P s
DNA- What it looks like
Double Helix Units

A =Adenine
AT
GC T =Thymine

G =Guanine

C =Cytosine
 DNA is Blueprint
of

Life
GENETIC LANGUAGE

A–Z 26 LETTERS
37 LETTERS
BOOK OF LIFE 3.2 BILION LETTERS IN
HUMAN DNA
Chromosomes Exist in pairs

Father Mother
 CHROMOSOMES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 X Y
 46
CHROMOSOMES
FOR NORMAL
HUMAN BEINGS

FATHER
46 CHROMOSOMES

MOTHER
46 CHROMOSOMES
 DNA
Q) What
What does
does DNA
DNA mean?
mean?
A) Deoxyribonucleic
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Acid
Q) Where
Where does
does DNA
DNA come
come
from?
from?
A) 1/2 from mom
A) 1/2 from dad
“Blue
Blue print”
print” of
of life
life
Where does DNA come from?

Maternal Paternal
Chromosome Chromosome
Where can DNA be found?
Cell Types

Blood
Hair Roots
Saliva
Sweat
SAME
Semen
Vaginal Secretion
Various Tissue
 How does DNA help us?
Practical application of DNA
Fingerprinting

• In cases of sexual offences

• In case of unsuspicious deaths
• Dispute of paternity / maternity
• Criminal identification
• Personal identification
What is DNA finger printing
• It is a technique of decoding of genetic
information for the furtherance of justice.
• The chemical structure of everyone’s DNA is
same
• The only difference is in the sequence of
base pairs
• Every person has different sequence of
base pair
• This unique pattern give every individual
specific fingerprint (DNA fingerprint
How is DNA fingerprinting done?

• Scientist use a small no of DNA

secquences that are known to
vary among individuals a great
deal, and analyze those to get a
certain probability of a match.
• Steps:-
 TECHNIQUES
• RFLP

• PCR

• STR

• mDNA

• Y-Chromosomal DNA
• Step 1:-
– Isolation of DNA from rest of the cellular material

• Step 2:-
– Denaturing the DNA, either by heating of or
chemically treating DNA in to gel, so that all
the DNA is rendered single-stranded.

• Step 3:-
– Blotting the DNA, this allows to identify, in a particular
persons DNA the occurrence and frequency of the
particular genetic pattern.
The pure DNA
is suspended in
a liquid
 Isolation of DNA

Chemical
DNA
- Blood
- Hair Roots
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Semen
- Various Tissue
 Extraction of DNA from
Genetic Material rest of the cellular waste
DNA

Cellular Waste
Blotting the DNA
 STEPS
• EXTRACTION
• QUANTITATION
• PCR
• CHECKING OF AMPLIFIED PRODUCT
• PAGE (poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis)
• DOCUMENTATION
• SEQUENCING
• Step 2:-
• Creating a hybridization reaction
– Binding occurs b/w base pairs
• A-T two H-bonds
• C-G three H-bonds
 Radioactive Probe

• Denaturing the DNA:-

• Radioactive probe is allowed to bind with the
single strand DNA
• Only the area bind with the probe will be
shown up on the film.
Radioactive Probe
 Step one of a single cycle

A T A T
G C G C
A T A T
T A T A
A T A T
G C G C

Heat
 Step two of a single cycle

A G A
A T G
T C T A T C T A T A T
C T
 Step three of a single cycle
A G T G
C A T
T
G GA
T
A G A
A T G A T
A G
T C T A T C T A
T C T A T
 Every strand of DNA has pieces
that contain genetic information
(exons) And
 Pieces that contain no genetic
information are Introns.
 Introns contain repeated
sequence of base pairs called
VNTRs
 STR
Short Tandem Repeats

AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT

(Core sequence AGAT)

AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT 7

AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT AGAT 5

 VNTRs
(Variable Number Tendem Repeat)

• To determine if a person has a

particular VNTR, the above
process is applied and DNA
sequence is amplified and then
studied.
• Example:-
 Amplification
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

30 Cycles

1 Cycle
2 Cycles
3 Cycles
DNA
4 Cycles

5 Cycles
Analysis of amplified DNA

DNA
Profile

Amplified
DNA
 Amplification
(making copies)

Solution

DNA
• A given person VNTR come from genetic
information donated by his parents.
• It is not possible to have VNTR other than his
parents. So
• Mrs John (blue) and Mr John (yellow) and their
four clildren
– D1 Mrs John (blue) daughter
– D2 Mr John (yellow) step daughter (red)
– S1 Mr & Mrs John
– S2 Mr & Mrs adopted son (light and & dark green)
 Mr & Mrs John and their children genetic information

• Mrs John (blue)

• Mr John (yellow)
• D1 daughter of Mr
& Mrs John (blue &
yellow)
• D2 Mr John
(yellow) step
daughter (red)
• S1 Mr & Mrs John
• S2 Mr & Mrs
adopted son (light
and & dark green)