STUDY OF

CONCRETE
AGGREGATES
JAYANT GYANI
10
AISHWARYA HATKAR 11
AJINKYA JAGTAP
12
ACHAL KALASKAR
13
SAGAR KANPILE
14
VISMAYEE KARANDE 15
MUSAB KHAN
16
AISHWARYA KHURANA
17
SWETHA KUTTY

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WHAT ARE AGGREGATES?

T h e s e a re t h e i n e r t o r c h em i c a l l y i n a c t i v e
m a t e r i a l s w h i c h f o r m t h e b u l k of c em e n t
c o n c r e t e . T h e s e a g g re g a t e s a re b o u n d
t o g e t h e r b y m e a n s o f c e m e n t . T h e a g g re g a t e s
a re c l a s s i fi e d i n t o t w o ca t e g o r i e s : fi n e a n d
coarse.
The material which is passed through BIS test
s i e v e n o . 4 8 0 i s t e r m e d a s a fi n e a g g r e g a t e .
Usually, the natural river sand is used as a
fi n e a g g r e g a t e . B u t a t p l a c e s , w h e re n a t u r a l
s a n d i s n o t a v a i l a b l e e c o n o m i c a l l y , t h e fi n e l y
c r u s h e d s t o n e m a y b e u s e d a s a fi n e a g g re g a t e .
T h e m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s r e t a i n e d on B I S t e s t
sieve no.480 is termed as a coarse
a g g r e g a t e . T h e b ro ke n s t o n e i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d
a s a c o a r s e a g g re g a t e . T h e n a t u re o f w o r k
d e c i d e s t h e m a x i m u m s i z e o f c o a r s e a g g r eg a t e
s h o u l d b e l i m i t e d t o o n e - t h ir d t h e t h i c k n e s s
of the concrete section
T h e a g g re g a t e s t o b e u s e d f o r c e m e n t c o n c re t e
w o r k s h o u l d b e h a r d , d u r a b l e a n d c l ea n . T h e
a g g re g a t e s h o u l d b e c o m p l e t e l y f r e e f r o m
l u m p s o f c l ay, o r g a n i c a n d v e g e t a b l e m a t t e r,
fi n e d u s t , e t c . t h e p re s e n c e o f a l l s u c h d e b r i s

 The aggregates may also be classified in the following two

categories:
1. NATURAL AGGREGATES.
2. ARTIFICIAL
AGGREGATES.

NATURAL AGGREGATES: The term natural aggregate is used loosely to designate

aggregates which need only be removed from their natural
deposits as unconsolidated sediments.
The aggregates obtained from such deposits are called
gravel and sand while those produced from ledge rock
boulders or cobble stones are known as crushed stone.
Thus the natural aggregate can be divided into the following
three types:
CRUSHED ROCK AGGREGATE: The crushed rock aggregates is obtained by crushing rock
pieces into suitable sizes.
It is evident that the quality of the crushed rock aggregate
will be controlled by the nature and the type of rock from
which it is crushed.
The rocks are classified into three major divisions according
to their origin, namely, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic rocks.
The igneous rocks are formed originally by cooling from a
molten rock material known as magma.
They are further as plutonic rocks, hypabyssal rocks and

 The plutonic varieties are brittle due to

the presence of large crystals and the
main types of rocks under this variety are
granite, syenite, diorite, etc. the
hypabyssal igneous rocks are mediumgrained and they generally possess inter
grown texture and hence, they are among
the best road stones.
The main types of rocks under this group
are porphyry, dolorite, porphyrite and
diabase.
The volcanic types of igneous rocks are
fine-grained with basalt and andesite as
main varieties. They are excellent for
building construction.
The sedimentary rocks are formed by the
deposition of products of weathering on
the pre-existing rocks.
They are further classified as calcareous;
siliceous and argillaceous. In calcareous
variety, the calcium carbonate
predominates and the main types include

TYPES OF AGGREGATE:
FINE AGGREGATE
Sand and/or
crushed stone
< 5 mm (0.2 in.)
F.A. content
usually 35% to
45% by mass or
volume of total
aggregate

COARSE AGGREGATE

Gravel and crushed

stone
5 mm (0.2 in.)
typically between
9.5 and 37.5 mm
(3/8 and 1 in.)

AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE
Aggregates have 3 m ain functions in concrete:
1)
To provide a mass of particles which are suitable to resist
the action of applied loads & show better durability then
cement paste alone.
2)
To provide a relatively cheap fi ller for the cementing
material.
3)
To reduce volume changes resulting from setting &
hardening process & from moisture changes during drying.

The properties of concrete are a ff ected by the properties of

aggregate:
1.
The mineral character of aggregate aff ects the strength,
durability, elasticity of concrete.
2.
The surface characteristics of aggregate aff ects the
workability of fresh mass & the bond between the
aggregate & cement paste in hardened concrete. If it is rough,
workability decreases & bond increases.
3.
The grading of aggregate aff ects the workability, density &
economy.
Higher aggregate amount/unit volume of concrete

PARTICLE SHAPE & SURFACE TEXTURE

The shape & surface texture of aggregates are of

importance.
Rounded: Completely water worn & fully shaped by
attrition. (River Gravel)
Irregular: Partly shaped by attrition so it contains some
rounded edges. (Land Gravel)
Angular: Has sharp corners, show little evidence of wear.
(Crushed Stone) , the bond between agg. Particles is higher
due to interlocking but due to higher surface area, angular
particles increase water demand & therefore reduce
workability
Flaky: Thickness is relatively small with respect to two
other dimensions. (Laminated Rocks)
Elongated: Have lengths considerably larger than two other

FLAT

ANGULAR

ELONGATED

ROUND

SMOOTH

ROUGH

SURFACE TEXTURE
This aff ects the bond to the cement paste & also
infl uences the water demand of the mix.

Smooth: Bond b/w cement paste & agg is

weak.

TEXTURE

Rough: Bond b/w cement paste & agg. is

strong.
Surface texture is not a very important property from
compressive strength point of view but agg. Having
rough surface texture perform better under fl exural &
tensile stresses.

NORMAL-WEIGHT AGGREGATE
Most common aggregates
Sand
Gravel
Crushed stone
Produce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400
kg/m 3 (140 to 150 lb/ft 3 )

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE
(1)
Expanded
Shale
Clay
Slate
Slag
Produce structural lightweight concrete 1350 to 1850 kg/m 3 (90
to 120 lb/ft3)

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE (2)

Pumice
Scoria
Perlite
Vermiculite
Diatomite

Produce lightweight insulating concrete 250 to 1450 kg/m 3 (15 to

90 lb/ft3)

HEAVYWEIGHT AGGREGATE
Barite
Limonite
Magnetite
Ilmenite
Hematite
Iron
Steel punchings or shot

Produce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/m3 (400 lb/ft3)

EFFECT OF HARMFUL MATERIALS

SUBSTANCES

Organic
impurities
Materials finer
than the 75m (No. 200)
sieve
Coal, lignite,
or other
lightweight
materials

EFFECT ON
CONCRETE
Affects setting
and hardening,
may cause
deterioration
Affects bond,
increases water
requirement
Affects durability,
may cause stains
and popouts

Alkali reaction on concre

EFFECTS ON AGGREGATE: BULKING

OF SAND
Surface moisture on fi ne aggregate can cause
considerable bulking; the amount varies with the
amount of moisture and the aggregate grading
Due to moisture in each particle of sand, sand gets a
coating of water due to surface tension which keeps
the particles apart. This causes an increment in
volume of sand known as Bulking.

D-CRACKING

D-cracking along a transverse

joint caused by failure of
carbonate coarse aggregate

Cracking of concrete pavements

caused by the freeze-thaw
deterioration of the aggregate within
concrete is called D-cracking

Fractured carbonate aggregate

particle as a source of distress
in D-cracking).

IRON PARTICLES IN AGGREGATES

AND POP OUTS

Iron oxide stain caused by

impurities in the coarse

A popout is the breaking away of

a small fragment of concrete
surface due to internal pressure
that leaves a shallow, typically
conical depression

RECYCLED AGGREGATES
W HY US E R E C YC L E D AG G RE G AT E S
Rec y cl ed a ggrega tes (r a ) a r e h a r d in er t
m a t er ia ls m os t l y or i gin a t ed fr o m
co n st r u ct i on a n d d em ol it ion ( c& d)
wa ste s
Rec y cl ed a ggrega tes a re a w a y of r eu sin g
m a t er ia ls b y keep i n g t h em f r om bei n g
disposed i n t o l a n d fi l lS .
They a re m ore c ost effi c ie nt t ha n m ost
regul a r a ggrega tes
Rec y cl ed a ggrega tes l ow er t h e a m ou n t o f
en er gy a n d r a w m a t er ia ls u sed for t h e
pr odu c t ion o f i t
rese a rch st u di es h a ve show n t ha t re cy c le d
c onc ret e a ggre ga te (RC A) , unde r spec ifi c
c ondit ions, ha s t he po tent ia l t o pro duc e
strong,
dur a ble m a te r ia ls su it a ble f or use in the
highw a y in fr a str u ct u re .

ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATES
R E C YC L E D C O N C RE T E
p ro v i d e s s u s t a i n a b i l i t y
re d u c e s t h e a m o u n t o f m a t e r i a l t h a t w o u l d b e
d e l i v e re d t o a l a n d fi l l
a n y m e t a l s t h a t c a n b e re m o v e d f ro m t h e
a g g re g a t e c a n b e d i s p o s e d p ro p e r l y
re d u c e s t h e n e e d o f v i rg i n a g g re g a t e s t o b e
c re a t e d
a b s o r b s l a rg e a m o u n t o f c a r b o n d i ox i d e w h i l e
b e i n g c r u s h e d i n t o s m a l l e r s i z e s , re d u c e s t h e
a m o u n t o f c o 2 i n t h e a t m o s p h e re .
u s e s 9 0 % l e s s e n e rg y i n p ro d u c t i o n t h a n th e
p ro d u c ti o n o f p o r t l a n d c e m e n t
e m i s s i o n o f c a r b o n d i ox i d e i s a l m o s t
negligible
p ro v i d e s i m p ro v e d s t re n g t h a n d d u r a b i l i t y
re d u c e s p e rm e a b i l i t y
I M P R OVE S W O R KA B I L I T Y

COARSE RECYCLED AGGREGATES

FINE RECYCLE AGGREGATES

STATISTICS OF AGGREGATE USAGE

STATISTICS OF AGGREGATE USAGE

THANK YOU