Test Two 1 of 2 - Chap 3 With Extra

GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a term frequently used to describe

the character and intensity of connections between
various places around the globe
Since geographers are sensitive to differences between
place and across time, geographers see globalization as
complex set of processes that differentiate places
Others see globalization as a homogenizing force
creating global culture blanketing the world and
masking local differences
Copyright 2015 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Weak vs. Strong

GlobalizationGlobalization
is not a new concept for
geographers
Weak globalization sees globalization as longstanding process, dating back to time when systems
of exchange became more global
Many geographers argue process began with
expansion of Spanish and Portuguese empires in
1500s
Weak vs. Strong

Globalization
Strong globalization
sees a global economy that has
emerged since 1970s and is significantly different from
what existed previously
Economy much more global - increasingly controlled by
global corporations
States (countries) increasingly irrelevant in todays world
trade
Market is all important, not constrained by state governments
Dominant European Colonial Influences: 1550-1950
GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION

Time To Think
Is Globalization a Myth?
Time To Talk
Form In-Place Small Groups
(talk to those around you)
DISCUSS:
1.Examples of Cultural
Intelligence
2.Suggestions and Ideas
on How to Promote
Cultural Intelligence
3.Defining Cultural
What Is Russia?
What do you think of when you
think of Russia?
Russian Culture
TED Talks - "Are People As Globalized

As The World?"
RELATING DEVELOPMENT
TO GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION - Processes
heightening interactions,
increasing interdependence, and
deepening relations across
country boundaries
DEVELOPMENT Improvement in
the economy and well-being of a
place relative to another place
Measures of Development
Concerns about development mounted post WWII because

1) Europe needed to be rebuilt
2) former colonies gaining independence
POLITICAL CATEGORIES OF PARTS OF THE WORLD
Third World
Originally political category; came to represent developing countries

Term arose during Cold War
First World: countries aligned with capitalism, NATO, and allies
Second World: Soviet Union and its allies
Global North and Global South

Socioeconomic and political categorization
Global North: wealthy developed countries
Most states are in Northern Hemisphere (except Australia and New
Zealand)
Global South: poorer developing countries
As states become developed, may become part of North, regardless of
geographical location
Western organizations like the World Bank see development as

economic growth and devise measures based on that perspective
Gross National Product (GNP): total domestic and foreign value added claimed
by residents
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): total value of goods and services produced
within the borders of a country regardless of the allocation to foreign and
domestic claims
Gross National Income (GNI): GDP + foreign value added claimed by

residents
Accounts for
flow of
wealth in
globalized
world
Widely
accepted way
of measuring
wealth
Development
Is development synonymous
with economic growth?
Limitation of way measure
development = wealth not
spread across population
evenly
45 angle = perfect equality (equal

portions of population control
equal amounts of income
Even if a countrys GNI

increases, poorer segment
of population may see little
improvement in conditions
Lorenz Curve helps gauge
how wealth distributed
within a country
When area A becomes larger,
shows greater inequality
Human Development Report

(includes Human Development Index)
An Introduction from Selim Jahan

, Director of the Human Development
Report Office and Lead Author of the
report
(2015)
About linking work and human

development
Expanding the definition of work to
include
Creative work
Unpaid care work
5 Main Findings of 2015

HDR
1. Work enhances human

development
2. The world of work is changing
very fast
3. There are gender imbalances
4. Sustainable work is critical for
achieving sustainable
development
5. Strategic policy options are
needed
Looking at the HDI

The Human Development Index (HDI)
Measuring Human Development in th
e Future
Economic growth may not always lead to broadbased improvements in human condition need to
assess other parameters:
Literacy
Life expectancy
Infant mortality
Measures of Development - HDI:

One alternative way to measure development: details development beyond income alone
Reveals more
variation in
development in
poorer regions
of world
Development at What Scale?
Can use scale to understand how development works at individual, family,

local, national, regional, global, etc. scales
Utilizing multiple scales also allows questions:
Should it operate at a different scale?

Extent to which policies or programs operate at one scale influence
development processes operating at another scale
Each circle, or
level of scale,
does not exist
independently
of the others
Each scale
interplays with
the other scales,
all at the same
time
Development as Modernization
Rostows Ladder of
Development
Rostows model: stages of

economic growth, best known
of modernization theories
5 stages, ramping up into

development
1st: Traditional agriculture

2nd: Accumulate surplus
funds with commercialized
agriculture
3rd: Use surplus funds as
investment capital for
industrialization
4th: Industrialization and
maturity
5th: High mass consumption
Critiques of Modernization Theory
3 perspectives on critiques of modernization theory:
Structuralist theory
New economic geography
Geographies of difference
Structuralist Theories of Development
Emphasis on structure = relationship between

countries as important or more than internal policies
for determining future development
Franks Dependency Theory is one such structuralist theory:
During colonial era, economies in tropics underdeveloped
deliberately by European colonizers for own benefit
Colonizers and elites focused on exploitation and extraction

Local farmers encouraged/forced to produce commodity crops for
Euro market vs. subsistence to feed selves
Created global system of unequal exchange favoring Europeans
Modern world economy: made by Europeans for Europeans
(Taylor 1992)
World-systems theory
World-systems theory: a geography for dependency

theory by depicting world in terms of core,
semiperiphery, and periphery
Wallerstein saw semiperiphery

as place, but considered core
and periphery to be processes
Structuralist Theory of Development -- World-systems theory
Core = most developed states
Production of goods requires high levels of education,

research, and development
High wages and benefits
Semiperiphery = emerging group of states
Both core and peripheral processes involved in production of

goods
Periphery = least developed states
countries where production requires low education, involves

little research/development
Relatively low wages and few benefits
All 3 regions (core, periphery, semiperiphery) operate as

world system and are deeply connected
Same goods can be produced with core or peripheral
processes
Example: cotton produced in both Texas and Uzbekistan
Semiperiphery is an emerging group of states where

both core and periphery
processes are present
Hong Kong Harbor
China good example of country

moving from periphery
semiperiphery by engaging in
manufacturing on global scale
Structuralist Theories of Development
Dependency theory and World-systems

theory led to policy changes
Import substitution: (tropical) countries
would be forever stuck as producers of
primary products (and not develop) unless
they took proactive steps to change nature of
economies
Manufactured goods need to be produced at
home vs. imported
From Import Substitution To New Economic Geography
After a time, due to problems affecting import

substitution policies
Debt crisis loan defaults

Parastatals inefficiencies
Energy Crisis
New Neoliberal Economics 1980-2000
Small government
Free Trade
Export Orientation
Privatizing State-run businesses
Geographies of Difference
1980s and 90s: growing acknowledgement of

importance of recognizing power differences
within populations across developing world
Previously, assistance focused on general population
and tended to favor most powerful members of
community (male, wealthy, and other dominant
groups)
Now awareness of differences of wealth, gender,
race, and ethnicity
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development = development that meets

the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(World Commission on Environment and Development)
Before this, taking care of environment and developing

economy largely seen as conflicting objectives
Sustainable development seeks to reconcile these 2 goals
Dualism as a Concept for Understanding Uneven Development
Dualism = situations in which 2 areas are in

relationship with one another (through trade, etc.)
and 1 area is developing at expense of other
Useful for understanding varying levels of
development
Can be examined at different scales: global,
national, local, urban and rural
THRESHOLD CONCEPT
Unequal Exchange and Commodity Chain

Unequal exchange occurs when laborers
in one country produce a good for low
wages and then the good is processed
through a commodity chain
incorporating shipping and marketing and
sold at relatively high value
Unequal exchange = uneven

relationship between low labor
costs and high-value products
classic ex.: coffee farmer in

Columbia
Receives little for crop

Sold at store down
street under brand name
for far more per lb. than
was paid to farmer
nequal exchange built into

capitalism: branding and
manufacturing help
Commodity chain = linkages
companies demand higher
prices than produced for
between places in the production of
a good from raw materials to

finished products
THRESHOLD CONCEPT
Development
Different disciplines view development in different ways

Economists: in terms of economic growth
Political scientists: in terms of good governance or free and fair elections
Geographers: improvement in the economy of a particular region and the wellbeing of its inhabitants relative to other areas
Or improved wealth or progress in other socioeconomic variables, including
education and health
Development typically involves describing how the nature of an economy

(agricultural, industrial, or service-based) changes
Can also consider development = measure of the variability of human wellbeing (education, health, gender equality) in space
Since WWII, tone of development focused largely on economic growth like
construction of transportation, communication and production facilities
Development
Development = a complex concept

discussed through a variety of lenses
(viewpoints) and using many terms:
Traditional vs. modern

Least developed, developing, and
developed nations
Low income vs. high income
Global South vs. Global North
4th, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st Worlds
Nonindustrial vs. industrialized
Each term has slightly

different history and
connotation, but all focus
on notion of development

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GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a term frequently used to describe

Weak vs. Strong

Weak vs. Strong

Dominant European Colonial Influences: 1550-1950

Globalization is a term frequently used to describe

Globalization is a term frequently used to describe

TED Talks - "Are People As Globalized

Concerns about development mounted post WWII because

POLITICAL CATEGORIES OF PARTS OF THE WORLD

Originally political category; came to represent developing countries

Global North and Global South

Western organizations like the World Bank see development as

Gross National Income (GNI): GDP + foreign value added claimed by

45 angle = perfect equality (equal

Even if a countrys GNI

Human Development Report

An Introduction from Selim Jahan

About linking work and human

5 Main Findings of 2015

1. Work enhances human

Looking at the HDI

Measures of Development - HDI:

Development at What Scale?

Can use scale to understand how development works at individual, family,

Utilizing multiple scales also allows questions:

Should it operate at a different scale?

Rostows model: stages of

5 stages, ramping up into

1st: Traditional agriculture

Critiques of Modernization Theory

3 perspectives on critiques of modernization theory:

Structuralist Theories of Development

Emphasis on structure = relationship between

Colonizers and elites focused on exploitation and extraction

World-systems theory: a geography for dependency

Wallerstein saw semiperiphery

Structuralist Theory of Development -- World-systems theory

Production of goods requires high levels of education,

Semiperiphery = emerging group of states

Both core and peripheral processes involved in production of

Periphery = least developed states

countries where production requires low education, involves

All 3 regions (core, periphery, semiperiphery) operate as

Semiperiphery is an emerging group of states where

Hong Kong Harbor

China good example of country

Structuralist Theories of Development

Dependency theory and World-systems

From Import Substitution To New Economic Geography

After a time, due to problems affecting import

Debt crisis loan defaults

1980s and 90s: growing acknowledgement of

Sustainable development = development that meets

Before this, taking care of environment and developing

Dualism as a Concept for Understanding Uneven Development

Dualism = situations in which 2 areas are in

Unequal Exchange and Commodity Chain

Unequal exchange = uneven

classic ex.: coffee farmer in

Receives little for crop

nequal exchange built into

a good from raw materials to