Chapter 5 Ethernet 802.3 LANs

Ethernet 802.
3 LANs
Chapter 5
Panko and Panko

Business Data Networks and Security
Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,
Inc.
Ethernet Begins
Introduction
Physical Layer Standards
Data Link Layer Standards
Advanced Switch Operation
Ethernet Security
Inc.
5-2
Bob Metcalfe
Working on his PhD at Harvard
His dissertation was turned down, but the Xerox

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) still hired him
First visited the University of Hawaiis ALOHAnet

packet radio project
Developed a way to make it more efficient
Applied it to a cabled network, called it Ethernet

as a joke
Eventually commercialized it

Inc.
5-3
Ethernet Begins
Introduction
Ethernet Security
Inc.
5-4
Ethernet
Ethernet was created for local area

networks (LANs), which are networks that
operate on a customer premises
Ethernet is a family of computer networking

technologies commonly used in local area
networks (LANs) and metropolitan area
networks (MANs).

Inc.
5-5
IEEE 802 Standards Committee
IEEE Standards Association vs ISO/ITU-T

Nearly all LAN standards come from IEEE Standards Association
802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee

802.1 Working Group
Standards used by multiple working groups
Security Standards
802.3 Working Group

Ethernet standards
802.11 Working Group

Wi-Fi wireless LAN standards
Inc.
5-6
Ethernet (802.3) Layer 1&2

Standards
L3: Internet Layer
IP
L2: Data
Link
Layer
LLC
Layer
802.2
MAC
Layer
802.3 MAC Layer Standard
802.11 MAC Layer

Standard
100BASETX
802.11n
L1: Physical Layer
1000BAS
E-T
1000BAS
E-SX
802.11ac
LLC: Logical link control

MAC: Media access control

Inc.
5-7
5.1 Simple Switched Ethernet Network

Inc.
5-8
Core Switches Connect Switches

to Other Switches

Inc.
5-9
Core Ethernet Switch

Usually 48 cm (19
inches) wide and 18
cm (7 inches) to about
a meter tall.
High processing
speeds

Inc.
5-10

Trunk Links
Switches Often Connect to Other Switches

Through Optical Fiber
Inc.
5-11
5.2 Ethernet Workgroup Switch with 48 ports
Workgroup Switches Connect

Hosts to the Network

Inc.
5-12
5.2 Ethernet Workgroup Switch with 48

ports
Workgroup Ethernet Switch

Usually 48 cm (19 inches) wide and 9 cm (3.5
inches) tall.
Can operate much more slowly than core
switches and still give adequate service.

Inc.
5-13
5.2 Ethernet Workgroup Switch with 48

ports
Hosts Normally Connect to Workgroup

Switches Through UTP Copper Wiring
Access
Links

Inc.
5-14
Ethernet Begins
Introduction

Ethernet Security
Inc.
5-15
5.3 UTP versus Optical Fiber

Characteristic
Unshielded
Twisted Pair
Optical Fiber
Medium
Copper wire
Glass
Signal
Electrical
Light
Maximum
Usually 100 m
Distance in LANs
For LANs, usually

200 to 500 m
Speed
Similar
Similar
Cost
Lower
Higher

Inc.
5-16
5.4 Binary Signaling

Inc.
5-17
5.5 Digital Signaling
10

Inc.
5-18
5.6 To send more bits per second
How to do it?
Two possible solutions:
To use more states, or to use briefer clock cycles.
The latter is much easier in practice.
The limiting factor on transmission speed today is the
ability of sending and receiving devices to work
properly over ever shorter clock cycle times.

Inc.
5-19
5.7 Error Resistance in Binary and Digital Signaling

Inc.
5-20
5.7 Error Resistance in Binary and Digital Signaling

Inc.
5-21
5.8 Four-Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair Copper Wiring

Inc.
5-22
5.9 RJ-45 (Ethernet) Connector and

Jack
RJ-45 Jack
RJ-45 Connector

Inc.
5-23
5.10 Serial versus Parallel

Transmission

Inc.
5-24
UTP Cables

Inc.
5-25
5.11 UTP Quality Category, Transmission

Speed, and Maximum Distance
Ethernet
Signaling
Standard
Transmissio
n Speed
UTP Quality
Category
Maximum
Cord Length
100BASE-TX
100 Mbps
Category 5e,
6, or higher
100 meters
1000BASE-T
1 Gbps
Category 5e,
6, or higher
100 meters
10GBASE-T
10 Gbps
Category 6
55 meters
10GBASE-T
10 Gbps
Category 6A
100 meters
Category is a measure of UTP QUALITY

Inc.
5-26
5.12 Terminal Crosstalk Interference

Inc.
5-27
5.12 Terminal Crosstalk

Interference

Inc.
5-28
5.12 Terminal Crosstalk Interference

Inc.
5-29
5.12 Terminal Crosstalk

Interference
To add a connector, it is necessary to

straighten out the ends of the wires to slide
them into the RJ-45 connector.
Installation Rule: do not untwist the wires

more than 1.25 cm (0.5 inch).

Inc.
5-30
5.13 Optical Fiber Transmission
Core: a thin strand of glass (mostly used

50m)
Cladding: a thin class cylinder (125m)
Modes

Inc.
5-31

Inc.
5-32

Inc.
5-33
5.14 Optical Fiber Cord

Inc.
5-34
Optical Fiber: Single-mode vs

Multimode

Inc.
5-35
5.15 Light Amplitude and Wavelength

Inc.
5-36
5.16 Optical Fiber Quality Designations and

Transmission Distance
ISO 11801
Standard
OM3
OM4
Minimum
Maximum
Distance at
1Gbps,
850nm light
(1000BASESX)
550 m
1,000 m
Minimum
Maximum
Distance at
10Gbp,
850nm light
(10GBASESR)
300 m
440 m
Minimum
Maximum
Distance at
100Gbps,
850nm light
100 m
150 m
OM stands for Optical Multimode; a standard for multimode

fiber.

Inc.
5-37
5.17 Link Aggregation (Bonding)

Inc.
5-38
Ethernet Physical Layer Standards

& Network design

Inc.
5-39
5.18 Ethernet Physical Link Maximums and

Unlimited Data Link Distances

Inc.
5-40


Inc.
5-41


Inc.
5-42
Ethernet Begins
Introduction

Ethernet Security
Inc.
5-43
5.19 Ethernet 802.3 Frame
e.g. A1-36-CD-7B-DF-01 hex

Inc.
5-44
5.20 Hexadecimal Notation
What
What
What
What
is
is
is
is
0101
0000
1001
1111
in
in
in
in
hex?
hex?
hex?
hex?

Inc.
5-45
5.20 Hexadecimal Notation
Converting a 48-bit MAC address to hex

Write down the 48-bit address in 12 four-bit
nibbles.
Represent each nibble as a hex symbol.
Pair the hex symbols and put a dash between the
6 pairs.
Try these four nibbles: 0000111101011010

Inc.
5-46
Question
Convert the EUI-48

address to binary:
A1-B2-CC-44-5D-3C
Convert 8F to hex
Convert 10010101
to hex

Inc.
5-47
Three bits in the Tag

Control Information field
are for priority level.
Inc.
5-48
Length Field contains

a binary number.
The maximum length
of the data field is
1,522 octets.

Inc.
5-49
The purpose of LLC

Subheader is to describe the
type of packet contained in
the data field.
Inc.
5-50

Inc.
5-51
5.21 Multi-Switch Ethernet Operation
A packet from A1 to
E5 must pass through
Switches 1, 2, and 3.

Inc.
5-52

Switch 1
sees that it
should send
the frame to
E5 out Port
5.

Inc.
5-53

Switch 2
sees that it
should send
the frame to
E5 out Port
7.

Inc.
5-54
Switch 3 sees that it

should send the frame to
E5 out Port 6.
Inc.
5-55
Ethernet Begins
Introduction

Ethernet Security
Inc.
5-56
Hierarchical Switch Organization
Ethernet standards requires a hierarchical

topology (physical organization of switches
and transmission links).
Only one possible path for any two hosts.

Inc.
5-57
Ethernet Switching vs IP Routing
Chapter 8

Inc.
5-58
5.22 Single Point of Failure

Inc.
5-59
5.23 Backup Link and the Rapid Spanning

Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1w)
Loops are
A strict
not allowed in Ethernet.

hierarchy is required.

Inc.
5-60
5.23 Backup Link and the Rapid Spanning

Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1w)

Inc.
5-61
5.24 Advanced Ethernet Capabilities
Priority
Ethernet switches can provide up to eight priority
levels
Manageability
Manageable switches can be managed by SNMP
Although manageable switches cost much more than
non-manageable switches, this is more than made up
for by lower management costs
Software-defined networking (SDN) may bring a
revolution in switch management

Inc.
5-62
Power over Ethernet (POE)

Switches can supply power to devices via UTP.
(Wired telephone systems and USB ports already
do this.)
Less expensive than
supplying power
separately.

Inc.
5-63
Power Over Ethernet (POE) Plus

USB ports provide both data transmission and power to
hosts
Switches implementing POE Plus can provide up to 25
watts of power over UTP to hosts
This is sufficient for voice over IP phones, surveillance
cameras, and most access points
This saves money because there is no need to install
power lines to these devices
Not sufficient for desktop or laptop PCs

Inc.
5-64
Ethernet Begins
Introduction
Ethernet Security
Inc.
5-65
5.25 802.1X Port-Based Access Control

on an Ethernet Switch
The Problem
Anyone can enter the building and plug their
computer into a switch or into a wall RJ-45 port,
which connects to a switch.
This usually gives the attacker access to the
network without going through a firewall.

Inc.
5-66

Solution: access control at switch ports.

802.1X Port Based Access Control can do this.
Created by the 802.1 WG, not the 802.3 WG.
802.1 WG creates general standards, such as
security standards.

Inc.
5-67


Inc.
5-68


Inc.
5-69

Advantages of a Central Authentication

Server
Consistency: Attacker cannot find a misconfigured
switch.
Rapid changes: When someone leaves, is hired, or
needs credential changes.
Switch cost: Authentication server does heavy
work.
Reduced management cost: Only one
authentication database to maintain.

Inc.
5-70
5.26 Man in the Middle Attack in an Ethernet LAN

Using ARP Poisoning
ARP Cache tells a

host where to send a
frame to reach a
particular IP address

Inc.
5-71

Using ARP Poisoning

Inc.
5-72

Using ARP Poisoning

Inc.
5-73

Using ARP Poisoning

Inc.
5-74
5.26 Man in the Middle Attack in an

Ethernet LAN Using ARP Poisoning
Many Ethernet networks are wide open to

ARP poisoning attacks.
The 802.1 Working Group has developed a

general solution, the 802.1AE standard,
which requires hosts and routers to
authenticate the source of ARP messages
and other messages before the receiver will
accept them.
But the standard is not widely used.

Inc.
5-75

Chapter 5 Ethernet 802.3 LANs

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Ethernet 802.

Panko and Panko

Working on his PhD at Harvard

His dissertation was turned down, but the Xerox

First visited the University of Hawaiis ALOHAnet

Developed a way to make it more efficient

Applied it to a cabled network, called it Ethernet

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

Ethernet was created for local area

Ethernet is a family of computer networking

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

IEEE 802 Standards Committee

IEEE Standards Association vs ISO/ITU-T

802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee

802.3 Working Group

802.11 Working Group

Ethernet (802.3) Layer 1&2

802.3 MAC Layer Standard

802.11 MAC Layer

L1: Physical Layer

LLC: Logical link control

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.1 Simple Switched Ethernet Network

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.1 Simple Switched Ethernet Network

Core Switches Connect Switches

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.1 Simple Switched Ethernet Network

Core Ethernet Switch

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.1 Simple Switched Ethernet Network

Switches Often Connect to Other Switches

5.2 Ethernet Workgroup Switch with 48 ports

Workgroup Switches Connect

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.2 Ethernet Workgroup Switch with 48

Workgroup Ethernet Switch

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.2 Ethernet Workgroup Switch with 48

Hosts Normally Connect to Workgroup

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

Physical Layer Standards

5.3 UTP versus Optical Fiber

For LANs, usually

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.4 Binary Signaling

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.5 Digital Signaling

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.6 To send more bits per second

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.7 Error Resistance in Binary and Digital Signaling

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.7 Error Resistance in Binary and Digital Signaling

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.8 Four-Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair Copper Wiring

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.9 RJ-45 (Ethernet) Connector and

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.10 Serial versus Parallel

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education,

5.11 UTP Quality Category, Transmission

Category is a measure of UTP QUALITY