PORTS

PORTS
A port can be defined as a harbor
or an area that is able to provide
shelter to numerous boats and
vessels, and can also allow constant
or periodic transaction of shipment.
The port can be a natural
establishment or an artificial
construction, which provides a place
for the loading and unloading of
cargo.

Indian Port Scenario

Indias coastline of about 6,000 km is
dotted with 13 major and 200 other
ports(Kerala -17)
Nearly 95 per cent of the countrys
foreign cargo (by volume) moves by sea .
Development and maintenance of Indias
major ports are the responsibility of the
Central Government.
Minor ports by ministries and dept. in the
nine coastal areas.

 Major Ports Kandla, Paradip, JNPT,

Mumbai, Vizag, Chennai, Kolkata,
Mangalore, Tuticorin, Ennore, Kochi,
Mormugao.

MINOR PORTS

TYPES OF PORTS

Considering a variety of factors such as

location, depth, and ship sizes, ports are
classified into various types. Some of the
main types are as follows:
Sea Ports
Sea ports are the most common types of
ports around the world which are used
for commercial shippingactivities
These ports are built on a sea location
and enable the accommodation of both
small and large vessels.

 Aseaportis further categorized as a

"cruise port" or a "cargo port".
"cruise ports" are also known as a
"home port" or a "port of call".
The "cargo port" is also further
categorized into a "bulk" or "break
bulk port" or as a "container port".

Inland Ports
Inland ports are ports built
oncomparativelysmaller water
bodies such as rivers or lakes.
They can either be for cargo purpose
or for passengers or for both.
These ports can also sometimes be
referred to as dry ports.
The inland port at Montreal is the
biggest of its kind.

Fishing Ports
Fishing ports mainly donates to the commercial
sphere as it participates in fishing.
A fishing port can be an inland port or a
seaport.
Warm Water Ports
The biggest advantage is that the water does
not freeze during the frosty winters.
Can operate all year round without a temporary
shutdown during the freezing time.
Such ports help to a great extent to boost the
economy of the nation.
examples Ukraines Odessa, Russias Vostochny
Port and Murmansk Port, Japans Kushiro and
Alaskas Valdez.

Dry ports
Dry ports are defined as inland terminals
that can be interconnected with a seaport
via road or rail transportation facilities.
act as centers of multimodal logistics
IsakaDry Portin Tanzania, which used
to be a conventional intermodal terminal
Inland Container Depot,
Whitefield-Bangalore, India
Kanpur, India
Vallarpadam Dry Port-Kochi, India

Difference Between Ports and Terminals

Ports are strategic geographical

locations which are situated at the
edge of ocean, seas, rivers, or lakes.
These locations are then developed
to inculcate facilities for loading and
unloading of cargo ships.

 Terminal isreferredto as the set of

facilities at a port where loading and
unloading of cargo/container takes
place.
Terminals are named on the basis of
type of cargo that can be handled by
them.
Some of the most common types of
terminals are container terminal,
bulk cargo terminal, LNG terminal
etc.

PORT STRUCTURES

A harbour is a place of security and

comfort, a small bay or other
sheltered part of an area of water,
usually well protected against high
waves and strong currents, and deep
enough to provide anchorage for
ships and other craft.
The term port or seaport normally
includes the harbour and the
adjacent town or city suitable for
loading goods

 Ships are accommodated and

handled, i.e. loaded and unloaded, at
port structures such as; wharfs or
quays, piers and jetties.
Any place where a ship can safely lie
alongside a quay, pier or dock, at
anchor or a buoy, and where she can
carry out loading/discharge
operations or embark and disembark
passengers is called a berth.

 A dock is a place, usually man-made

area of enclosed water, where ships
are loaded, unloaded or repaired.
A dry dock is a type of dock
consisting of a rectangular basin dug
into the shore of a body of water and
provided with a removable enclosure
wall or gate on the side toward the
water, used for major repairs and
overhaul of vessels.

 Wharf denotes any structure of

timber, masonry, cement, or other
material built along or at an angle to
the navigable waterway, with
sufficient depth of water to
accommodate vessels and receive
and discharge cargo or passengers.
The term can be substituted for quay
when applied to great solid
structures in large ports.

 A pier (gat) is a construction work

extending into the harbour with sufficient
depth of water alongside to accommodate
vessels, also used as a promenade or
landing place for passengers.
A jetty (gat) is a small pier, usually made
of timbers for boats, yachts or fishing
boats (fisherman jetty), but it also refers to
large ships (tanker jetty, T-jetty).

 A mole or breakwater is a massive

port structure made of masonry or
large stone blocks laid in the sea to
protect the harbour from waves and
current.

INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITY SECURITY (ISPS) CODE

In recognition of the need for a consistent

global approach to maritime security, in
December 2002, the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), led by the
efforts of the U.S. Coast Guard, adopted a
comprehensive new ship and port facility
security regime called the International
Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code,
which entered into force on July 1, 2004.

 Specifically, the Code requires that

each vessel whose flag state is a
party to the IMO Convention for the
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) develop
and implement a ship security plan.
Similarly, the Code requires that
each SOLAS port facility develop and
implement a facility security plan
that is approved by the country in
which the port facility is located.

Scope of ISPS

issues of maritime safety and security;

legal liability for maritime claims;
protection of the marine environment;
facilitation of trade; and
the control of maritime commerce itself.

ISPS - LEVEL
LEVEL 1 Normal Level
In normal level, both ships and port operations are
carried out in general way.
Minimum security measures are always maintained
on board and in port.
Ship and port operation are carried out as per ship
and port facility security plan.
Port facility ensures to keep the no access areas
under surveillance at all times.
Ship and port authority mutually supervise loading
and unloading operation of cargo and stores, ensuring
access control and other minimum security criteria.
Minimum access in the ship is maintained at all times.

LEVEL 2- Heightened
Risk
In level 2, the threat to the security is higher than
the normal level.
All the routine and cargo operations are carried out
with an increase in security measures in both ships
and ports.
Look-outs in no access zone and waterside area is
to be increased by port and ship authorities.
Access control is maintained all the time with
escorting the visitors and use of security
equipments like metal detector etc.
Communication between port authority and ship
administration is always maintained in case of
increase in security level.
Preparing a full or partial search operation of ship.
A declaration of security is undertaken between

LEVEL 3 Imminent danger

Level 3 is imposed when the probability of security threat to ship
or port authorities are highest or imminent and specific
protective measures are to be maintained.
In level 3 all ship and port operations are stopped and frequent
security rounds and duties are carried out by both ship staff and
port authorities. Boat petrol are done by port state on the water
side.
Main propulsion plant is always kept ready for moving the ship
out of port if require.
No personal is allowed to access the ship without the
authorization of port state official.
Only one access point is maintained on board at all time.
Preparing a full search operation of ship or under water hull
search operation with port facility.
Preparation for evacuation of ship by its staff.
A declaration of security is undertaken between port state and
ships administration.

PORT SECURITY
Ports attract industries, tourists and other
undesirable elements
Variety of unlawful acts - ranging from
criminal acts like robbery against ships,
passengers and crew, theft of cargo, to
purposed political acts or terrorist outrages
such as hostage taking, piracy, stowaways.

 The IMO International Ship and Port Facility

Security Code (ISPS Code)
Applies to:
Port facilities serving cargo ships including high
speed craft of 500 gross tonnage and above;
Mobile off shore drilling units and such ships
engaged on international voyages.
Duty of Government to determine that port
facilities in its territory Comply with the Code.
Port include any place where the ship/port
Interface takes place, including areas such as
anchorages, waiting berths and approaches from
seaward, as appropriate

Matters not covered by the

Code
The ISPS Code does not deal
with all aspects of ships and

port security:
security of ships and facilities not covered under the
Code; and
the security of the cargo/ supply chain.

Whilst it is the duty of the Government to provide for these

matters port authorities must take a proactive role in this
regard because of the potential for contamination and
compromise to their own security arrangements under the
ISPS Code.