-1 .

Qr
-1-1 Qr K
[C]c .[D]d
: aA (q) bB(q) cC(q) dD(q):
Qr a
b
][A] .[B
[C]cq .[D]dq
K Q r,q
Qr Qr,q b . K
[A]aq .[B]q
-2-1 Qr .
:
V )S4O6=(aq

) . I2(aq) I-(aq) S2O3=(aq

2
)I 2(aq) 2S2 O3(aq
) 2I(aq
) S4 O6(aq
:

: [S4 O6 ]i 2.102 moll 1[I ]i 5.10 1 moll 1

[I 2 ]i 2.10 1 moll 1 [S2 O32 ]i 3.10 1 moll 1
: -
) [I ]i2 .[S4O 62 ]i (5.101 ) 2 .(2.10 2
Q r,i

= 0,28
Qr,i :
[I 2 ]i .[S2O32 ]i2 (2.101 ).(3.101 ) 2

2
)I 2(aq) 2S2O3(aq
) 2I (aq
) S4O6(aq

mol.l-1

0x

3.10-1

* t :
=0, 2 x
V
0,15mol.l= [I2] 1-

2.10-2
0,02 x
V

V
1-

: = 0,05mol.l-1

5.10-1

2.10-1

0, 2 x 0,3 2. x 0,5 2. x
V
V
V

] 0,15mol.l= [I2 Qr,t :

) x ) 2 .(0,02 x
2
2
][I2
(0,5

2.
] [I ] .[S4O 6
V
V
Q r,t
2 2
] [I 2 ].[S2O3
(0, 2 x ).(0,3 2. x ) 2
V
V
x

Qr,t :
Qr,t = 4,2 :

)(0,5 2.0,05) 2 .(0,02 0,05

2

)(0, 2 0,05).(0,3 2.0,05

Q r,t

-2 .
-1-2 :

( ) HCOOH/HCOO ) (1 pKA1 = 3,75

:
( ) CH3COOH/CH3COO ) (2 pKA2=4,75
) (1

:
CH 3COO (aq) HCOOH (aq ) CH 3COOH (aq) HCOO (aq
)
) (2
-

 :
) (1
)[CH 3COOH](q) .[HCOO ](q ) [H 3O ](q
) (2
K
*
) [CH 3COO ]( q ) .[HCOOH](q ) [H 3O ](q
K A1 10 pK
K

= 10 :
K A 2 10 pK
A B C :
-CH3COOHCOOH CH3COOH :-HCOO
. mol.l-1 :
C
B
A

Qr,i
10-2
10-2
10-2
] i[HCOO
:
3.10-3
5.10-3
10-2

]i[HCOOH
[CH
]COOH
.[HCOO
]i
3
i
Q

3.10-3
10-3
10-2
[CH
COO
]
r,i

i
3
[CH
COO
]i .[HCOOH]i
3
-2
-2
-2
3.10
2.10
10
]i[CH3COOH
1
2
1
]i /[HCOO ] i[HCOOH
10
Qr,i
1
40
-2-2 :
A1

A2

- :
pHq . pKA ) (1 :
3,75
[HCOO ]q
[HCOO ]q .[H 3O ]q
K A1
K A1
10

pHq pHq
K A1

][HCOOH
[HCOOH]q
[H
O
]
q
10
10
3
q

pHq

4,2

3,7

3,8

(]-HCOO[/) q( ]HCOOH[) q

2,5

0,8

Qr,i . K
[HCOO ]q [HCOO ]i

:
A : Qr,i = 1 < K = 10 :
[HCOOH]q [HCOOH]i
] [HCOO

HCOO . HCOOH
][HCOOH
.

[HCOO ]q [HCOO ]i
B : Qr,i = 40 > K = 10 [HCOOH] [HCOOH] : :
q
i
] [HCOO

] [HCOOH HCOOH . HCOO

.

[HCOO ]q [HCOO ]i

C : Qr,i = K :

[HCOOH]q [HCOOH]i
.
-3-2 :
: Qr,i < K . Qr = K : Qr,i > K . Qr = K - :Qr,i = K .

Qr,i > K

Qr,i = K

) (

Qr,i < K

-3 .
-1-3 :
) (1 ) (2 :
K A1 6,3.1010
)NH 4(aq) / NH 3(aq) (1
:
K A 2 1,6.105
)CH 3COOH (aq) / CH 3COO (2

) (1) CH 3COO NH 4(aq

CH 3COOH (aq) NH 3(aq)
)(2

[CH 3COOH]i 2.10 4 moll 1:

[NH 3 ]i 1.103 moll 1 [NH 4 ]i 2.101 moll 1 [CH 3COO ]i 10 1 moll 1
-1 Qr,i .
-2 K .
-3 .
-2-3 :
2

2
)Cu (s
) Fe3(aq )/ Cu (s
)/ Fe(aq
:

2
2
)2Fe(aq
) Cu (s

)2Fe3(aq
Cu (s)

)(2
)(1

:
[Fe3 ]i 4.102 moll 1 [Cu 2 ]i 4.102 moll 1 [Fe 2 ]i 2.10 3 moll 1
-1 Qr,i .
-2 K : K = 3,8.1040
.
7 : 112

8 : 112