PAINT, PIGMENTS & INDUSTRIAL COATINGS

Abo, Lynette Mae G.

Alviar, John Paul N.
Dorol, Eralyn Mae
Garcia, Mary Grace N.

PAINTS: Constituents

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pigments
Binders
Solvents
Additives

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments
are insoluble, fine particle size
materials which confer on a paint,
its color and opacity.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments
A. Functions
. to provide color
. to hide substrates and obliterate
previous colors
. to improve the strength of the paint
film
. to improve the adhesion of the paint

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments
B. Properties
. Hiding power
. Tinting strength
. Refractive index
. Light fastness
. Bleeding Characteristics
. Particle size and shape

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC)
. Inorganic pigments are made up of
mineral compounds and these minerals
are mainly oxides, sulphides of one or
more than one metals. They are
obtained from various naturally
occuring mineral sources or minerals
which have been obtained

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC White
pigments)
. White pigments are the major
contributors in paint formulation. It is
employed to reduce or break down
strength of colored pigments and to
give them opacity.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC)
1. White lead - oldest of
the manufactured
pigments.
2. Titanium dioxide - the
most important pigment
used in paints.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC Color
pigments)
YELLOW
Yellow iron oxides Fe2O3H2O give opaque films
with good hiding and high exterior durability;
chemical and solvent resistance is excellent.
Yellow Lead chromate PbCrO4(CrH2O4.Pb) is
the most popular yellow pigment.
Yellow zinc chromate CrO4Zn used for

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC Color
pigments)
RED Pigments
Red iron oxide (Fe2O3) is used as pigment for
cosmetics and tends to make paints to be
permanent and long lasting.
Red lead (Pb3O4) is a brilliant red-orange colored
synthetic inorganic pigment used mainly as a
protective priming coat for steel work rather than a
coloring pigment in paints.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC Color
pigments)
BLUE AND GREEN
Ultramarine blue is a complex sodium aluminum
silicate and sulfide.
Prussian blue, KFe(Fe(CN)6), is an intense
reddish shade blue pigment with fairly good
properties.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC Color
pigments)
BLUE AND GREEN
Lead chrome greens, PbCrO4: KFe(Fe(CN)6), are
synthetic inorganic pigments varying in shades from
grass green to deep green. The use of lead chrome
greens is, however, limited due to the toxicity of lead.
Chromium oxide, Cr2O3 is a dull green synthetic
inorganic pigment, which can be used in all types of
paint systems where high chemical resistance and
outstanding light fastness are required.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (INORGANIC Color
pigments)
METALLIC AND BLACK
Metallic pigments are used on the surfaces for
luster and brilliance finishes which are normally not
produced by conventional pigments.
Black iron oxide, Fe3O4, is a synthetic inorganic
pigment, produced by oxidation of iron (II)
hydroxide obtained from the action of alkali on iron
(II) sulfate solution.

PAINTS: Constituents
1. Pigments (ORGANIC)
Toner pigments
-The organic coloring materials, which are insoluble in
the pure form.
Lakes
- The organic coloring materials, which require a base.
Compared with inorganic pigments, organic pigments in
general are brighter in color, more transparent (lower

PIGMENTS:
RED PIGMENTS

PIGMENTS:
RED PIGMENTS

2-Hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid
(BON)

PIGMENTS:
YELLOW PIGMENTS

PIGMENTS:
YELLOW PIGMENTS

PIGMENTS:
GREEN PIGMENTS

PIGMENTS:
BLUE PIGMENTS

PAINTS: Constituents
2. Binders
Also called as resins. Its job is to

bind together the pigment

particles and holds them on to
the surface

PAINTS: Constituents

BINDER
S:
TYPES

ALKYD
S
represent the single largest quantity of solventsoluble resin produced for use in the surface coating
POLYESTE
industry.

RS

are polymers obtained by reacting monomeric

polycarboxylic acid and polyalcohols.

ACRYLIC
S

the most widely used polymers in the paint and

coatings industry.
Thermoplastic and Thermoset.

VINYLS
Vinyl esters are usually used in waterborne coatings
in the form of copolymer dispersions.

PAINTS: Constituents
3. Solvents
The solvents job is to make the
pigment and binder into a thinner
and less viscous liquid that will
spread evenly.

PAINTS: Constituents
3. Solvents
A. Classes

ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBO
N
AROMATIC

SOLVENTS

OXYGENATED

WATER

PAINTS: Constituents
SOLVENTS:
HYDROCARBON
Hydrocarbon solvents are the most
commonly used solvents in paints to carry
the pigment and binder.
The preferred type of solvent is an odorless
aliphatic
hydrocarbon (mineral spirits), which can
be used in all
areas including the home.
Aromatic solvents provide stronger

PAINTS: Constituents
SOLVENTS:
OXYGENATED
These solvents are primarily used as
active solvents for most synthetic resins
due to their strong solvency.
The principal oxygenated solvents are
ketones, esters glycol esters and
alcohols.
They offer much stronger solvency and
are widely used as active solvents for
synthetic binders.

PAINTS: Constituents
SOLVENTS:
WATER
Is the best known and most versatile
solvent and its widely used in waterbased paints, including emulsions, and
watercolor paints. The advantages of
using it is its availability, cheapness, lack
of smell, non-toxicity, and no flammability.

PAINTS: Constituents
4. Additives
Any substances that are added in
small quantities to a paint to improve
or to modify certain properties of the
finished paint coatings or of the paint
during its manufacture, storage,
transport, or application.

PAINTS: Constituents
ADDITIVES

SURFAC
E
ACTIVE
AGENTS

Wetting and dispersing agents consist of

amphiphilic molecules, which facilitate the very
important process for pigment and extender
dispersion and stabilization in paints and
coatings.
Defoamers consist of water-insoluble,
hydrophobic, organic liquids such as mineral,
vegetable and animal oils as well as polydimethyl
siloxanes or mixtures thereof.
Adhesion promoters are the substances that
improve adhesive strength of paints in terms of
its resistance against mechanical separation from
the painted surface.

PAINTS: Constituents
ADDITIVES
THICKENING
AGENTS

These additives influence the rheological

properties of paint by increasing the
viscosity.

SURFACE
MODIFIERS

These additives control the mechanical (e.g.,

surface slip, scratch resistance) and optical
properties (e.g., gloss) of a coated surface.

LEVELING AGENTS
AND COALESCING
AGENTS

These additives are used to control flow and

leveling of a paint during and after the
application and before the film is formed.

PAINTS: Constituents
ADDITIVES

CATALYTICALLY
ACTIVE
ADDITIVIES

This group includes paint driers and

other catalysts that are used to
accelerate a chemical reaction occurring
during the film-forming process.

SPECIALEFFECTS
ADDITIVES

This group of additives include a number

of other substances which are added to
paint formulation, e.g. anti-skinning
agents, light stabilizers, biocides

Paint Formulation

Paint Formulation
Largely Determined by the ratios of the
constituents in paints and to the nature of
substrate to which the paint is to be
applied.
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS
Pigment to Binder Ratio
Solid Contents
Pigment Volume Concentration
Cost

Paint Formulation
The performance capability of a paint
depends largely on the capability of a
binder in the film to provide a completely
continuous
matrix
for
the
pigment.
The weight ratio of the pigment and
extender content to that of binder solids
content can be usefully correlated with the
performance of a paint.

Properties of oxidatively cured

coatings as function of
pigment/binder ratio

Paint Formulation
PIGMENT VOLUME CONCENTRATION

Two paints can have an identical pigmentbinder (wt%) ratio, but very different PVC
values, simply by using pigments of
different densities.

Paint Formulation
Maximum gloss and durability are
achieved at low PVC, and maximum
opacity at either moderate or very high
PVC.
The paints formulated with low PVC shows
an excess of binder present which results
in a well bound film giving a high gloss
level, and good chemical, water and
abrasion resistance.

Paint Formulation
Critical Pigment Volume Concentration
(CPVC)
Volume of pigmentation
PVC at which there is precisely the
right amount of binder to wet the
pigment

Paint Formulation
At levels above the CPVC, there is
insufficient binder to wet all of the
pigment and the air-filled voids will form
in dry film.
When the PVC is equal or below the
CPVC, the binder forms a continuous
film, which is relatively impermeable.
The CPVC of a paint system is variable
and depends on the nature of vehicles
used in the formulation.

PAINT MANUFACTURE

PAINT MANUFACTURE

The manufacture of paint is basically

a physical process involving
weighing, mixing, grinding, tinting,
thinning, filtering, and packaging
(filling). No chemical reactions are

Flowchart for Paint Manufacture

Flowchart for Paint Manufacture

MIXING
tints,& thinners, resins &
oils (binders), pigments are
weighed, and fed
automatically to the
mechanical mixers

Flowchart for Paint Manufacture

GRINDING

After mixing, the mixture (batch) is

transferred to the mills for further mixing,
grinding, and homogenizing. The type of
used mill is related to the typeof
pigments,vehicles, andfillers

GRINDING: Pigment
Dispersion

One of the oldest method

of grinding
The solid pigments and
extenders

are usually supplied as a fine

powder by the pigment
manufacturers. These fine
powder particles must be
dispersed and evenly
distributed throughout in the

Different Dispersion Equipment

1. Ball Mill
2. Sand Mill
3. Roller Mills

BALL MILL

is a steel cylinder mounted horizontally on its

axis equipped with a suitable door for loading
and for drawing off the finished product.

SAND MILL

consists of a water-cooled
cylinder inside of which are
a number of rotating discs
that can generate rapid
movement in the grinding
elements (sand grains).

ROLLER MILL

consist of a number of
horizontal steel rolls
placed side-by side and
moving in opposite
directions, often at
different speeds, with
very small clearances in
between.

Flowchart for Paint Manufacture

THINNING/DILUTION

The batch is then transferred from

theintermediate storage tank to a mixer
forthinning and dilution, where solvents,
and otheradditives are added

Flowchart for Paint Manufacture

PACKAGING AND STORAGE

The paint is poured into cans or drums,

labeled,packed, and moved to storage,
each step beingcompletely automatic.

Processing Operations
Preparation of the paste with the required
quantity of pigment (mixing).
Grinding the above paste in a grinding mill.
Thinning the paste to paint consistency with
further medium or thinners.
Tinting the batch to match the shade required
Refining it necessary
Checking the paint for physical performance

Varnishes
Varnishes are nonpigmented paints, which
dry to a hard-gloss,
semigloss, or flat
transparent film by a
process comprising
evaporation of solvent,
followed by oxidation and
polymerization of the drying
oils and resins.

Varnishes

manufactured by cooking
the drying oil (usually
linseed oil, tung oil, or
mixture of the two) and
resin together to a high
temperature

Lacquers
A lacquer is a solution of a
hard linear polymer in an
organic solvent.
The film-forming polymers
usually used are chlorinated
rubber, nitro cellulose,
acrylics, vinyl resins, or
other high molecular weight
linear polymers.

Lacquers

used in automobile finishes,

furniture finishes, metal
finishes, and plastic, rubber,
paper, and textile finishes.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: Definition

is a paint or coating defined by

its protective, rather than its
aesthetic properties, although it
can provide both.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: Coating

System
Abrasive Blasting
Primer
Intermediate
Top coat

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: Coating

System
Abrasive Blasting
It cleans the surface and
prepares the surfaces for
Primer.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: Coating

System
Primer
is a preparatory
coating put on
materials before
painting.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: Coating

System
Intermediate
Provides system thickness
build, and prevents
permeability.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: Coating

System
Top Coat
Provides Chemical
Resistance and adds
aesthetic value to the
surface.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

1. Epoxy
2. Polyurethane
3. Fluoropolymer

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

1. Epoxy
An epoxy coating is a type of
thick protective material thats
used to cover things to protect
them from damage or wear. It is
also known for resisting heat.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

How was it
made?

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

Application of Epoxy coating
A. Home Appliances
Many refrigerators, washers, and dryers
feature an outside coating of epoxy that
gives then a finished shine and also helps
them resist marks, scuffs, and other signs
of wear.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

Application of Epoxy
coating
B. Plants/Factories
Create an easy to clean,
seamless surface
Result in a hard wearing and
durable surface
Become a chemically resistant

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

2. Polyurethane
Polyurethane is a resilient, flexible
and durable manufactured
material that can take the place
of paint,cotton, rubber, metal or
wood in thousands of
applications

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

How was it
made?

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

Application of Polyurethane
A. Cars
Give the exterior a high gloss and
improved color retention, while offering
improved scratch- and corrosionresistance.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

Application of Polyurethane
B. Construction
Building floors, steel trusses and concrete
supports are spray-coated to make them
more durable and less costly to maintain.
(ex. Moisture Cure Urethanes used to coat
woods)

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

Application of Polyurethane
C. Aerospace
Protect the external parts of aircraft from
extreme temperature differences and help
protect the skin of the plane from rust and
pitting

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

3. Fluoropolymer
a chemical compound that contains
many strong carbon-fluoride bonds.
The fluorine in a fluoropolymer is
electrically negative, which gives it
the property of not bonding easily
with other materials. Thats what
makes a fluoropolymer non-stick.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

How was it
made?

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: 3 Types

Application of Flouropolymers
have excellent non-stick properties, as
evidenced by their use in non-stick
cookware.
fluoropolymers reduce friction and resist
corrosion. They withstand very high
temperatures, as well.
Fluoropolymers are insulators, meaning

REFERENCES

http://www.gharexpert.com/articles/Paint-1639/Tips-Varnish_0.aspx

http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/skills-and-know-how/painting/whats-the-difference
-between-polyurethane-varnish-shellac-and-lacquer

http://www.valsparwood.com/valsparwood/EN/product/details/Luster_Lac_Professional_
Black_Lacquer.html

http://images.lowes.com/product/converted/023857/023857712513lg.jpg

https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=JO8uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36&lpg=PT36&dq=difference+of+sand+mill,+ball+mill,
+and+roller+mill+in+paint+manufacture&source=bl&ots=sioXSlqUyk&sig=8J8vosLQ
jYcjWZ5Gl3jJ6DIIWKg&hl=fil&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD2NXIrujNAhWGopQKHUj4BKAQ6A
EIOTAD#v=onepage&q=difference%20of%20sand%20mill%2C%20ball%20mill%2C
%20and%20roller%20mill%20in%20paint%20manufacture&f=false

https://www.scribd.com/doc/6842234/IMPORTANT-PAINT-MANUFACTURING-PROCESSES