Experiment

To study the b-h curve of

ferrromagnetic materials
Submitted ByAnkush Dhadwal
B.E.(CHEM)+MBA

Apparatus
Two solenoid coils
Ferromagnetic specimen rod
Reversible key
Ammeter
Magnetimeter
Battery
Solenoid
Rheostat
Transformer
Connecting wires

Basic purpose of experiment

To study the magnetisation of a
ferromagnetic material in the presence of a
ferromagnetic material in the presece of a
magnetic field b and to plot the hystrises
curve
To calculate the retentivity of curve

Flux density

c
b

a
Magnetising force H

Circuit diagram

Hysteresis

Hysteresis means remaining in Greek, an effect

remains after its cause has disappeared. Hysteresis, a
term coined by Sir James Alfred Ewing in 1881, a
Scottish physicist and engineer (1855-1935), defined it
as: When there are two physical quantities M and N
such that cyclic variations of N cause cyclic variations
of M, then if the changes of M lag behind those of N,
we may say that there is hysteresis in the relation of M
to N". The most notable example of hysteresis in
physics is magnetism. Iron maintains some
magnetization after it has been exposed to and
removed from a magnetic field.

Magnetization or B-H Curve

Uses of ferromagnetics
Permanent magnets-permanent magnets are the
material which retain at room temperature their
ferromagnetic properties for long time
Steel is used for ferromagnetic material because
we study from hysteresis loop of steel that
hysteresis loss in case of steel is higher than
others. due to this it is harder and retain its
magnetisation for long time.
For making core of electromagnets- soft iron is
used due to its high permeability & low retentiviy.
Used in transformer cores

Soft magnets (low coercivity) are

used as cores in electromagnets.
The low coercively reduces that
energy loss associated with
hysteresis.

Other Application of Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic hysteresis brakes use

permanent magnets surrounding a
hysteresis disc to provide a constant
torque, without external power.
By varying the displacement of the
magnetic hysteresis disk, this torque
can be quickly adjusted by a
machine operator.

The magnetic brakes are ideally suited to

control winding applications in the wire,
cable and converting industries and
anywhere a constant torque is required.

Magnetic tape

Quarter-Inch
Cartridges

Hard disk drive

The reverse side of a typical

credit card
1-Magnetic Stripe
2-Signature Strip
3-Card Security
Code

Hysteresis Loop

An initially unmagnetized material is subjected to a cycle of

magnetization. The values of intensity of magnetization M and
the magnetizing field H are calculated at every stage and a
closed loop is obtained on plotting a graph between M and H
as shown in the figure. The point O represents the initial
unmagnetized condition of the material. As the applied field is
increased, the magnetization increases to the saturation point
A along OA. As the applied field is reduced, the loop follows
the path AB. OB represents the intensity of magnetization
remaining in the material when the applied field is reduced to
zero. This is called the residual magnetism or remanence. The
property of retaining some magnetism on removing the

retentivity.

magnetic field is called

OC represents the
magnetizing field to be applied in the opposite direction to
remove residual magnetism. This is called coercive field and
the property is called coercivity. When the field is further
increased in the reverse dire

Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

Magnetic Hysteresis Loops for

Soft and Hard Materials

Energy loss due to hysteresis

During the process of magnetization. A loss of energy is

always involved in aligning the domains in the direction of
the manetic field when the direction of the external
magnetic field is reversed. The absorbed energy is not
completely recoverd and rest energy in the sample is cost
in the form of heat. This loss of energy is called hysterisis
loop.
Images showing hysteresis loop of iron and steel

Example of energy loss in

hystersis loop

Hystersis loop for soft iron is narrow

and large where as the hystersis loop
for steel is wide wd short.